ʻO CHỮ NÔM a i ʻole Hōʻike Manaʻo Vietnamese a me kāna mau ʻāpana i ke kau ʻana ma Vietnamese - Pauku 1

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Nguyễn Khắc-Kham^*

    Chữ Nôm (Ch script 'script,' a me nôm / nam 'hema, Vietnamese') ka inoa i hāʻawi ʻia e ka Vietnamese i kekahi o kā lākou papa ʻelua palapala kākau i hana ʻia e ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā hua Kina. Ua kāhea ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi me ke kūpaʻa iā Chữ Hán a i ʻole ka ʻaoʻao Hanine China¹ a iā Chữ Nho a i ʻole ka palapala kope o ka ʻikepili confucianist Vietnamese. I ka hoʻohui hope ʻana, ʻo ia ka mea o ka hoʻokemaka or kope ʻino in Vietnam.²

ʻO ka hānau hānau ʻana o ka palapala inoa Nom^**

   ʻAʻole paʻa loa ka lā o kāna mea e pale ai ma mua o nā paio. Wahi a Ngô Thì Nhhem 時 (1726-1780) "i ka mea a kā mākou ʻ languagelelo i hoʻohana nui ʻia mai Thuyên. "³ ʻO Thuyên ia ʻO NguyEn ʻO Thuyên 詮, he mea loea i noho ma ka hopena o ka makahiki kanakolu, malalo o Trhen ʻana. "Ua loaʻa iā ia kāna kekelē laeoʻo ma lalo o ke au o Emperor Trhen Thái Tôn 太 (1225-1257). I ka hāʻule ʻana o 1282, ke paʻa ʻana i ka noho o ke Kuhina Hoʻokolokolo, ua ʻae ʻia ʻo ka Emepera Trhen Nhân Tôn 仁 e kākau i kahi leka i kahi crocodil i hele mai i loko o ke Kaiʻula. Ma hope o kāna kākau ʻana i ka holoholona, ​​ʻae aku ka mōʻī iā ia e hoʻololi i kona inoa ʻohana ʻO NguyEn 阮 i HNA 韓, no ka mea, ua like kekahi hanana like ma mua o Kina a hiki i ka luna poen Hàn Yu 愈 (768-824). Ua pili ka anecdote i loko Kâm đaunh ViEtsU ʻO Công-giám CUong ka mUc 定 越 史 通 鑑 綱 目, b.7 p.26a⁴ ae like me, Hàn Thuyên he akamai i ka palapala Shih fu, a ua lawe ʻo ia he nui i mea e hoʻohuli iā ia.⁵

    Ke kumu o kēia mau ʻike, Hàn Thuyên ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hana Chữ Nôm. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēlā no ka manaʻo o P. Paleke⁶ a H. ʻO Maspero. ^ E Ha yM. Ka mea nāna i kaʻana P. Palekenā manaʻo, haʻi pū ʻia kahi stele i loaʻa i He ka Thành sơn, ʻO Ninh Bình mokuahi, Vietnam Vietnam.⁷ Ua loaʻa kēia stele i kahi palapala kākau inoa mai ka makahiki 1343 a ma laila e heluhelu ai i ka iwakālua Vietnamese kau inoa a me nā inoa hamlet i loko Chữ Nôm.

    ʻAʻole i maliu ʻia ka hypothesis ma luna me ke ʻano ʻole o nā ʻona ʻē aʻe e nā haumāna ʻē aʻe. ʻO NguyEn ua Te ka i manao ia Chữ nôm inā paha ia i ka manawa i hala i ka hopena o ka makahiki ʻewalu i ke kumu o Be ka ʻO Cái Ðhei VUong 蓋 大 王 (Ka makuakāne a me ka makuahine o ka poʻe) i hāʻawi ʻia e kona mea kahakaha a me kāna mau kumuhana i ʻO Phūng Hưng, nana, ma 791, lanakila ae la ke Kiaaina Kina a paa aku la i ka Nā mea hoʻomalu o Annam.⁸ Pēlā nō hoʻi ka manaʻo o DUong Quheng Hām i kona ʻO ka moʻolelo pōkole o nā palapala Vietnam.⁹

    Ua hoʻokau mua ʻia kahi hypothesis ʻekolu i ka makahiki 1932 e kekahi mea aʻo Vietnamese, Sở Cuồng, i hoao no e hooiaio i kela Chữ Nôm a hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai Shih-Hsieh 燮 (187-226 AD.). Ua kāʻili ʻia kona mau kūʻē i ka ʻōlelo a kekahi ʻānela confucianist Vietnamese ma lalo o ke aupuni o Emepera TU-ĒUc, ikeia malalo o ka inoa o ʻO NguyEn văn San 文 文 珊 a me kahi mea nui o ka ʻO Văn-ʻa cư-sĩ 文 多 居 士. ^ E Ha yM. Ma kāna puke Ðhei-Nam Que kac-ngU 南 國 語, ua ʻōlelo kēkia kēia mea kākau ʻO Shih Wang , ʻo ia ka mea mua e hoʻowalewale i ka unuhi ʻana i nā Kīwina Kina i ka Vietnamese ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo Kina he mau hōʻailona phonetic e hoʻopili i nā huaʻōlelo Vietnamese. Ma waena o nā pilikia i haʻi ʻia Shih Hsieh i loko o kona mau hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i ʻelua mau hiʻohiʻona: sui chiu 鳩, (ospr) a me ka yang táo 桃, (tha carambola aiʻole peow peach), ia aole i maopopo ia ia ke ano o ka manu a me ke ano o na hua e hoohalike ai ma Vietnamese. Se ka Cue kang nmi ʻO Văn-ʻa cư-sĩ's manaʻo, ʻoiai ua minamina ʻo ia no ka mea ʻole kēia mea kākau i ʻōlelo no kāna ʻōlelo. Ma ke kākoʻo ʻana iā ia, ua kau ʻo ia i kēia mau kūʻēʻē penei:

1) I ka manawa o Shih Hsieh, i ka wā i hana mua ai ka Vietnamese i nā haʻawina Kina, ua hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaopopo ma o ka ʻōlelo Vietnamese wale nō a me kā lākou mau kumu Chineses i hoʻohana i nā huaʻōlelo Kina e like me ke kani ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo Vietnamese e aʻo ai i ka Vietnam pehea e heluhelu ai i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo Kina. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā leo a me nā hōʻailona ke hoʻohoka aku i nā huaʻōlelo Vietnamese āpau, pono nō ua hoʻāʻo nā haumāna Vietnamese e hoʻopiha i nā hakahaka ma o nā hui pū ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano Kina e hana i nā huaʻōlelo hou ma ke kumu o ia mau kumuhana o ka palapala Kina e like me Hsiai shéng, chiah chieh, a hui-i. ^ E Ha yM. Aia nō ma kēia ʻano Chữ Nôm e luhi ana paha.

2) Eia kekahi, Shih Hsieh he kamaaina mai o Kuang-Hsin 信, ma muli o ke Ling wai tai ta 外 代 答, By Chu chʻu Fei 外 代 答, ma lalo o Himeni ae , aia i loaʻa mai nā wā remotest, kahi kope pilikino e like me ka Vietnamese chữ Nôm. No nā hanana, ([1] = uuku) a ([2] = noho mālie).

[elua]:      [elua]: 

3) Nā Vietnamese ʻelua lole Be ka, makuakāne a 蓋 Cāi, he makuahine i ʻike ʻia ma ka inoa postthumous o Be ka-Cái ÐheiVUong ua hāʻawi ʻia Phūng-Hưng he mau loina mua no ka hoʻohana ʻana chữ Nôm i ka makahiki ʻewalu. Ma hope aʻe, i lalo o .Inh, Ðhei Ce ka ViEt, aia kahi inoa inoa o ka laila i loko o Vietnam no kekahi ʻano nôm 瞿 Ce ka. Ma lalo o Trhen aia kahi ano maʻamau o Chữ Nôm e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka hana o ke kuhina i kēlā manawa i kāhea ʻia Hành KhiEn , nāna i hānai i nā ʻōlelo aliʻi me ka Ch dec nôm i mea e ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ai lākou e nā poʻe.¹⁰

    Loaʻa nā manaʻo āpau e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna aʻe i kekahi mau wahi maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻonaʻau ʻia kekahi mea e ʻae ʻia i mea paʻa i ka lā koho o Chữ nôm.

    I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, Chữ Nôm, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia e kekahi kanaka i kekahi mau manawa ma ka mōʻaukala Vietnamese, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka huahana o nā mau kenekulia he nui o ke ahonui a me ka hoʻopalalala ʻole ʻia. ʻO ia ka hopena kūpono loa i loaʻa i nā loea e pili ana i ka noiʻi ʻana Chữ Nôm.

   E like me ka wehewehe mua, Chữ Nôm ka ua like me ka hana hoʻohālikelike o ka Vietnamese i hōʻano ʻia i loko o nā mana Kina. Ka mea, hiki ke ʻike ʻia i loko o kāna ʻano komo wale i kahi manawa i ʻike ʻia ai ka ʻike nui ʻana i nā hua ʻōlelo Kina i Vietnam.

    ʻO ka Vietnamese mua nāna i kauoha i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo Kina he mau mea naʻauao piha. Pela ka hana me Lý-TiEn 進, ʻO Chem 琴, TrUoo Tre kang 重 (lua o ke kenekulia AD). Ma hope mai, hele mai kekahi o kēia mau naʻauao e hana i nā wahi hana kino a me nā mea hana prosa i loko o ka poʻe Kina ma hope o nā hiʻohiʻona Kina. Pela ka hana me Phùng Ðái Tri 戴 nona ka puʻupuʻu poetic yang i mahalo ʻia e ka emepela Kina Kao Tsu of Tʻang (618-626), KhUona Công PhU 公 he prosa-poema e ʻike ʻia ma ka anthologies China.¹¹

    I ka wā hoʻi mai ka Han i ka Tʻang kekahi Chữ Nôm Hoʻolālā ʻia paha nā ʻōkuhi e hōʻike i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo kūʻokoʻa e pili ana i nā inoa o nā wahi, nā kānaka a me nā inoa inoa i Vietnam. He nui wale nō nā koina o kēia mau hoʻāʻo i kēia manawa.

    Eia kēlā lole Be ka a 蓋 Cāi i unuhi ʻia e ka huaʻōlelo Kina i like ka heluhelu ʻana o Vietnam me nā leo o nā huaʻōlelo Vietnamese ʻelua.

   Mai ka ʻumi kenekulia a i ka ʻumikūmākolu, ʻoiai ua loaʻa ka Vietnamese i ko lākou kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa mai Kina, ua ʻoluʻolu mau ka palapala Kina i kahi pōmaikaʻi kūʻokoʻa i hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka noho ʻana o nā lawelawe kīwila i hana ʻia ma hope o ka ʻōnaehana Kina.¹² No kēlā kumu, hoʻomau ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka poʻe akeakamai Vietnamese i ka hōʻike ʻana i ko lākou mau manaʻo a me nā manaʻo i nā huapalapala Kina. ʻAʻole wale nā ​​poetries, prosapoetries a me nā moʻolelo moʻaukala akā ʻo nā ʻōlelo aliʻi hoʻi, nā mea hoʻomanaʻo i nā mōʻī, nā kānāwai, a me nā rula a pēlā aku ... i kākau ʻia i nā huapalapala Kina. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole like kēia mau kākau Vietnamese āpau i ka palapala Kina me nā ʻikepili Vietnamese mua i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna. ʻO Kina ka ʻano akā he Vietnamese ka mea. Ma kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, nā ʻano like ʻole o nā puke Haina kahi i hoʻāʻo ai nā mea kākau Vietnamese i ko lākou mau lima he mau kiʻi paʻa no nā puke Vietnamese e hiki mai ana. ChU ʻO Nôm. ^ E Ha yM. E like me ka Palapala Nôm ka mea e hopohopo nui ana, ka hoʻohana alua o ka ʻelua ʻO Nôm huapalapala 蓋 Be ka a 蓋 Cāi i ke kanawalu o na kenekulia a i o ʻO Nôm ano Ce ka i nā kenekulia ʻumi he mau hōʻike hōʻike kūpono ʻole i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o ChU ʻO Nôm i hana ʻia e ka Vietnamese ma kahi hou loa mai ka walu a i ka ʻumi makahiki.

   Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano nôm like Be ka, Cāi, Ce ka, e hana ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe ma nā manawa like e ke phonetic a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka semantis i nā ʻ Chineselelo Kina. ʻO kahi laʻana, nā huaʻōlelo Vietnamese me kat (kekahi), A ta (Owau, o makou) e kope pū ʻia e nā hua Kina a me kā lākou heluhelu phonetic. Vietnamese huaʻōlelo huaʻōlelo, kāʻei, chey, rue kang, bEp kope ʻia e nā huapalapala Kina 耕, 稼, 田, 灶, a me kā lākou heluhelu semantic.¹³ E like me nā mea hou aku i hoʻoponopono ʻia o ka ChU ʻO Nôm e like me ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kumu o nā kumumanaʻo o ka palapala Haole hui-i a hsieh-shéng, pono e hana ʻia lākou ma hope aku nei, malia paha ma hope o ka lawe ʻana o ka Naha-Vietnamese i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi.¹⁴

    E hōʻuluʻulu i Chữ Nôm ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia i ka pō nui e waiho i ka wā o ka Hàn Thuyên no ke kākau i ka poema a me nā prosa poʻina akā ua neʻe aku ke kaʻina hana i nā makahiki he nui e ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka mea hou mai ka makahiki ʻewalu o mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kekahi pae o ka hoʻokō ʻana ma lalo o ka ʻO Trần . ^ E Ha yM. Ua hope ia e hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia ana e kāna mau mea hoʻohana mai ka Lē, i ka Nguyễn ma mua o kona loaʻa ʻana i kahi hana paʻa i kēlā me nā poʻomanaʻo moolelo kahiko kaulana e like me ʻO Kim Vân Kiều 雲 a ʻO Lục Vân Tiên 雲 仙 仙 sns ...

… Hoʻomau i ka ʻāpana 2…

NĀ MANAʻO:
'  ʻO CHỮ NÔM a i ʻole Hōʻike Manaʻo Vietnamese a me kāna mau ʻāpana i ke kau ʻana ma Vietnamese - Pauku 2.
'  ʻO CHỮ NÔM a i ʻole Hōʻike Manaʻo Vietnamese a me kāna mau ʻāpana i ke kau ʻana ma Vietnamese - Pauku 3.

noka:
¹  ʻO Việt Hán Từ Ðiển Tối Tân 越 漢 辭 典 新 新, Nhà sách Chin Hoa, Saigon 1961, ʻaoʻao 549: Nôm = 字{印 < 的 國 >}. 
²  ʻO Việt Nam Tự Ðiển, Hội Khai-Trí Tiến-Ðức Khởi-Thảo, Saigon Hanoi, Văn Mới 1954. 370: Nôm = Tiếng nói thông thường củt Nam Việệt 
³  Ngô Thì Nhậm 時, Hải Ðông chí lược " 東 誌 略 ". 
⁴ Nguyễn Ðình Hoà, ʻO Chữ Nôm, Ka Manaʻo Pūnaehana Kūʻai ma Vietnam, ka Nūpepa o ka American Oriental Society. ^ E Ha yM. Helu 79, Helu 4, Oct. 1959. aoao 271. 
⁵  阮 詮 海陽 青 林人善 人 人 人 為 為 國 曰 以此音. [Maikaʻi o Nguyen Thuyen o ka moku ʻo Thanh Lam, ʻo ua ʻo Hai Duong, maikaʻi a me ka poema, ua nui ka poʻe e like me ka hana hou ʻana a me ka moʻolelo o ka lāhui.] ( 欽 定 越 史 通鑑 綱目). 
⁶  P. Pelliot, "Première étude sur les sources Annamites de l'histoire dʻAnnam. " BEFO t. IV, ʻaoʻao 621, palapala. 
⁷  H. Maspero, "Etudes sur la phonétique historique de la langue Annamite Les firstes”BEFO, t. XII, ʻaʻohe 1, ʻaoʻao 7, memo 1. 
⁸  Nguyễn Văn TốʻO Phan Kế Bính Việt Hán Văn Khảo, Etudes sur la littérature Sino-Annamite 2 hoʻoponopono"(Hanoi, Editions du Trung-Bắc Tân Văn, 1930 ma 8, 175 p.) BEFO, t. XXX, 1930, No. 1-2 Janvier-Juin, pp 141-146. 
⁹  ʻO Dương Quảng Hàm, ʻO Việt Nam Văn-Học Sử-Yếu, in lần thứ bảy, Bộ Quốc Gia Giáo Dục, Saigon 1960 ʻaoʻao 101. 
¹⁰  Sở Cuồng, "Chữ Nom või chữ Quốc Ngữ. " Nam Phong, No 172, Mai 1932, pp. 495-498. 
¹¹  Nguyễn Ðổng Chi, ʻO Việt Nam Cổ Văn Học Sử, Hàn Thuyên, Hanoi, 1942, pp. 87-91. 
¹²  ʻO ka hālāwai mua loa o nā hoʻokolokolo lawelawe lehulehu ma Vietnam i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka 1075 ma lalo o Lý Nhân Tôn (1072-1127).). See Trần Trọng Kim, ʻO Việt Nam Sử Lược, i lần thứ Nhất Trung Bắc Tân Văn, Hanoi 1920, ʻaoʻao 81. 
¹³  ʻO Nguyễn Quang Xỹ, Vũ Văn Kính, Tự-Ðiển Chữ Nôm, Trung Tâm Học Liệu, Saigon 1971. 
¹⁴  H. Maspero, "Le dialecte de Tchʻang Ngan", BEFO, 1920. Myya Toru, 根 谷 越南, 越南 漢字 の の 研究 [Nghiên cứu âm đọc chữ Hán ở Việt Nam], 庫 文庫, 昭和 47 年 3 malama 25Day.

noka:
* Nguyễn Khắc Kham (23/12/1910, Hanoi - ), pen-names Lãng Xuyên a Lãng Hồ, Profesor Emeritus, hoʻopaʻa i ka laikini ès-Lettres (Sorbonne, Farani, 1934) a me ka laikini en Droit (Kumukanawai o Law, Paris, 1934), aʻo ma Gia-Long, Thăng-Long, Văn-Lang, Hoài-Ðức (Kula haole), a me Chu Văn-An (Kahu Kula Nui) ma Hanoi (1937-1946), aʻo ʻia ma ke Kulanui o Hanoi, Faculty of Letters (1952-1954), a me Pétrus Ký a me Chu Văn-An (Nā kula kiʻekiʻe) ma Saigon, mākaukau ma ke Kulanui o Saigon, Faculty of Letters and Faculty of Pedagogy (1954-1967), he kipa kamaʻilio ma Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (1967-1973), lawelawe ʻia ma ka mea noiʻi kipa ma Ostasiatisches Seminar, Frankfurt (1966-1967), a ma ke ʻano he Luna Hoʻokele o ke Institute for Historical Researches; Luna Hoʻokele o ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu; Kakauolelo nui o ka Vietnam National Commission no UNESCO; Ua loaʻa ka loio o ka National Archives and Libraries, i ke Kula Hoʻonaʻauao a me nā moʻomeheu e ka Vietnam Ministry of Education, he lālā o ka Papa Hoʻolālā no ʻAsia ʻĀpika, kahi International Quarterly, Southern Illinois University (SIU) ma Carbondale (1969-1974), ka mea holomua Research Associate ma ka Center for South and South Asia Studies and the Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of California at Berkeley (1982-1991), he lālā o ISA (ʻO nā Kūpono Kuokoa o Asia, he mea waiwai ʻole, ʻaʻohe mea i aloha, ʻoihana ʻona), Berkeley, Kaleponi ma USA (1982-2000), a he lālā o ka Papa Hoʻolālā ma ke Institute of Vietnamese Studies, Garden Grove, Kaleponi (1982-i kēia lā).

** Ua hoʻokau ʻia ka inoa o nā ʻāpana, nā kikokiko wiwo ʻole a me nā kiʻi sepia e Ban Tu Thu - ma kahi o ka mea
◊ Kumu: Ke Kula Nui o Sino-Nom hoʻopaʻa haʻawina.

BAN TU THƯ
03 / 2020