ʻO CHỮ NÔM a i ʻole Hōʻike Manaʻo Vietnamese a me kāna mau ʻāpana i ke kau ʻana ma Vietnamese - Pauku 2

Hits: 495

Nguyễn Khắc-Kham^*

… E hoʻomau ʻia no ka ʻāpana 1:

ʻO ke hoʻonohonoho o ka palapala Nôm **

    I kahi mamao e hiki ai ke hoʻokolokolo ʻia mai kēia mau puke alo o ka palapala Vietnam ma ChU ʻO Nôm, ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa kēia ʻatikala a me ka huhū e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana a kekahi o kāna mau ʻōlelo. Ma ke ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua mālama ʻia ia e nā rula kūpaʻa a me ke ʻano ikaika.

    I kā mākou noi mua ma Nā hōʻaiʻē haole ma Vietnam ua hāʻawi mākou i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o kona mau hiʻohiʻona nui. E hoʻohana mākou i kēia manawa kūpono e wehewehe i kona kiko like piha i hiki iā mākou me nā mea i loaʻa iā mākou.

   E like me ka ʻike pono ʻia e Prof. ʻO Rokuro Hikio, ka Vietnamese ChU ʻO Nôm hōʻike i nā mea kūlike e pili ana i ka poʻe Kepani Kana a ko Iapana Kokuji 字. ^ E Ha yM. Eia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona i hāʻawi ʻia e ia. I ka kojiki 事, nā heluhelu phonetic a me nā mea nui o nā moʻolelo Kina e hoʻohana ʻia n Chữ Nôm ua lawelawe ʻia e ka mea nāna ʻo Ke Kuhiʻaʻohe Yasumaro. ^ E Ha yM. Pēlā ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka phonetic i kēia mau inoa kūpono 佐 as for / susa / of, mo / suga / of. Hoʻopili maoli kēia ala phonetic i ke mele kaulana e hoʻomaka ana “Yakumo tatu…” ʻAʻole ke ʻano he phonetic i kēia manawa ke ʻole nā ​​inoa kūpono a me nā mele. ʻOiai ma nā inoa kūpono ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka lāʻau phonetic 須 佐 之 男 命 (hayasusanowo) ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ke ʻano semantona wale nō koe 賀 / susa /, he mea nui nō hoʻi i ia mau hiʻohiʻona 賀 e like me (Asinaduti) 名 (Inada-no Miyanusi) etc. ē aʻe nā manaʻo ʻelua i haʻi ʻia i luna, Prof. ʻO Rokuro Hikio i haʻi ʻia i ka manawa keia {ima, wanaʻao {mele nui, Wā {toki, ao {kumo, Song {uta, Ke Akua {kami, ka mua {kuby. ka hui-i ʻike hou ʻia nā mea hou i loko o Iapana a me Vietnam, ʻoiai,  gie kai ua hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻano a. Nā mea hoʻoweliweli i kūkulu ʻia ma Iapana, ka mea i kapa ʻia Kokuji (ʻĀina iwi) eg (sasaki), (tauleʻa), 杜 (mori) a pēlā aku ... nā hoʻomohala o ka hui-i nā huakaʻi ma ke ʻano like me ka Nā hiʻohiʻona Nôm, giời.

    ʻOiai kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona ʻike āpau loa, i ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ʻōlelo Kepani a me ka Vietnamese e pili ana i kā lākou palapala phonetic a me ka mōʻaukala hanana o nā mana kākau Kina, ka ʻano o ka hana ʻana. ChU ʻO Nôm Mālama ʻo ia i kona ʻano hoʻoili mua ʻana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma hope aku nei ma o kona ʻano ʻano like ʻole.

   Nā hoʻoilina Kina i ʻoki ʻia e Chữ Nôm e hoʻohana i hoʻokahi morphene i Vietnamese e hoʻohana mele mele a i ʻole hui pū ʻia.

I. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi huapalapala Kina hoʻokahi e pani ai

1) A ʻP Vietnamese morphene ka huina Kina, he mea like me ka heluhelu ʻana o ka Sino-Vietnamese a me ke ʻano o ka huina China i pili.
Ex .: + ʻano Kina 頭 đheu (Ke po'o), 袄 ʻoʻe (hao, kāʻei).

2) A ʻPlelo Vietnamina mai Kina ka mea i mālama ai i ke ʻano o ka moʻoina huaʻōlelo akā nona ka heluhelu ʻana i ka Vietnamese heʻokoʻa iki ia me ka heluhelu ʻana o ka Vietnam-Vietnamese e pili ana i ka mana Kina.

Ex.: + Helene Kina kānāwai, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: páp ka mea e hōʻike i ka morpheme Vietnamese phép (kānāwai, kānāwai). 
+ ʻAno Kina hae, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese Tuoi ka mea e hōʻike i ka morpheme Vietnamese ce ka (ʻōpū).
+ ʻAno Kina 橋, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: kiEu ka mea e hōʻike i ka morpheme Vietnamese cheu (alahaka).

3) A ʻP Vietnamese morphene ua like nō ia me ka huaʻōlelo China i nona, a like pū ka manaʻo o ka China i ka haʻi ʻana i ko China-Vietnamese heluhelu o ka huaʻōlelo Kina.

Ex:.  + ʻ characterlelo China 捲, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: quyEn ka mea e hōʻike i ka morpheme Vietnamese cue kan (ololo). 
+ ʻ characterlelo China Buke, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese bhen, be kan ka mea e hōʻike i ka morpheme Vietnamese ve kan (kapikala, kālā).

4) A ʻPlelo Vietnamina o ka mea like me ka haina Kina pono akā akā ʻokoʻa loa ka heluhelu ʻana o ka heluhelu a me ka Vietnam-Vietnamese o ia heluhelu.

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 役, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: dauch, ua hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike i ka morpheme Vietnamese viEc (limahana, hana, limahana).

5) A ʻPlelo Vietnamina aia ka heluhelu ʻana e like me ka mea like me ka heluhelu ʻana o ka Vietnam-Vietnamese e pili ana i ka ʻenehana Chinese ponoʻī akā ʻokoʻa kā lākou manaʻo.

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 戈, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: qua (lance, lehe) hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike i ka morpheme Vietnamese qua (e hele ae). 
+ ʻ characterlelo China Aʻole, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: me kat (e nalo aku ma lalo o ka wai, e lulu i ka wai) hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike i ka morpheme Vietnamese me kat (kekahi).

    I loko o kēia mau papa ʻelua, ua like like ka heluhelu ʻana o ka Sino-Vietnamese me ke kuʻina o ka Kina me ka heluhelu ʻana o ka morpheme Vietnamese i hōʻike ʻia.

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 朱 , Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese chu (ʻulaʻula, ʻōmole) hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike i ka morpheme Vietnamese ma (e haawi aku). 
+ ʻAno Kina 箕, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese ky or cơ (crible, sieve) hana ia e hōʻike i ka morpheme Vietnamese i (ma laila, ʻo).

    I nā papa ʻelua i hōʻike hope loa, ua like like ka heluhelu ʻana o Sino-Vietnamese me ka heluhelu ʻana i ka moʻolelo Kina i ka heluhelu ʻana i ka morpheme Vietnamese i hōʻike ʻia.

   ʻO ia ChU ʻO Nôm komo i loko o ka lua, kolu, ʻehā a me ʻalima i luna aʻe ma luna e DUong Quheng Hām¹⁷ i noonooia e He ka Nge kaC Chen¹⁸ me he mea no ka māhele like o na ChU ʻO Nôm i hōʻike ʻia e nā huaʻōlelo Kina nona ka heluhelu ʻana a me ka heluhelu ʻana o Sino-Vietnamese i nā mea like me nā heluhelu Vietnamese.

   Aia, e like me ka mea hope, i kekahi mau hihia o kēia mau leo ​​like ʻole e like me kēia:

1) Nā mea kani kani ma waena o ka heluhelu ʻana o ka Sino-Vietnamese i kahi kūlana i Kina a me ka heluhelu ʻana i kekahi o nā morpheme Vietnamese hoʻokahi wale nō me ka consonant mua.

Ex .: + ʻano Kina papa, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: bhen was represent phhen in ʻO Nôm.

2) Nā mea kani kani ʻo ka hua wale nō a i ʻole ka hui ʻana a i ʻole ka huaʻōlelo kūpono ʻole ma mua o ka ʻae.

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 合, e heluhelu ʻia he kap, hhep, hiEp or he kap.

3) ʻO kekahi manawa, ʻo ka heluhelu ʻana o ka Vietnam-Vietnamese o ke ʻano Kina i hoʻohana i ke ʻano o ka morpheme Vietnamese ʻē aʻe i ka hopena o ka hopena ma o ka consonant mua a me ka hopena silll.

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 職, Sino-Vietnamese: chUc inalike paha, ma ʻO Nôm, chhec or gihec.

4) Nā mea kani kani ua manaʻo ʻia e like me ka wā o ka ʻokoʻa ʻana o nā leo.

Ex.: + Helene Kina 吟, Sino-Vietnamese pulu lilo no ia i mea e hoike ai, ma ʻO Nôm, nghem, nghem or nghem.

    Ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻōlelo aʻe i luna a me nā ʻano like like ʻole o Chữ Nôm, e ʻike kākou i ka consonants mua mua, nā kuleana a i ʻole nā ​​huaʻōlelo kūhelu, nā huaʻōlelo hope loa i ka hua ʻōlelo Sino-Vietnamese e pili ana i kahi ʻano Kino a me ka morpheme Vietnamese i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻO Nôm i lilo e noʻonoʻo e hoʻololi i ka pono.

A) Kuhi ʻia nā consonants mua e like me ka hoʻololi no ka hōʻike ma Nôm

a) ʻO nā mea kikowaena mua b-, ph-, v-

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 卜, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: be kac aia ma ka ʻO Nôm nā ʻano Vietnamese ʻē aʻe e like me be kac a ʻoi hiki paha i ka hui ve kac; 
+ ʻAno Kina papa, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: ʻo ka Bản hiki paha i ka helu i loko ʻO Nôm phản, bn or kau.

b) Nā consonants hoʻomaka mua c-, k-, gh-, qu-

    Nā huaʻōlelo hoʻohuikahi c-, k-, gh-, qu- hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia.

Ex .: + ʻano Kina a, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese chep inalike paha, ma ʻO Nôm, chep, ghep or kaup; 
+ ʻAno Kina pūʻulu, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: quhen, e hōʻike paha hema iā Nôm.

c) nā huaʻupaʻa hoʻomaka d-, t-, v-

    Nā huaʻōlelo hoʻohuikahi d-, t-, v- hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia.

Ex .: + ʻano Kina Moekolohe, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: tính or kauʻi hiki paha i ka hui dính in ʻO Nôm; 
+ ʻAno Kina 停, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: .ình inalike paha, ma ʻO Nôm, lālani or đành.

o) nā huahelu kō ch-, gi- a emi pinepine tr-, x-

  Nā huaʻōlelo hoʻohuikahi ch-, gi- a emi pinepine tr-, x- hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia.

Ex.: + Helene Kina 執, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: pilikia inalike paha, ma ʻO Nôm, Chup, giúp, xúp, or xọp.

e) Nā mea hana o ka mua l-, r-, tr-

    Nā huaʻōlelo hoʻohuikahi l-, r-, tr- hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia.

Ex:. + ʻ characterlelo China kānāwai, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: luhet inalike paha, ma ʻO Nôm, le kat, lue kat, ʻoi, re kat or trót.

B) Nānā ʻia nā haʻina e like me ke kuapo no ka hōʻike ma Chữ nôm

a) ác, ắc, ấc, ức, ước

    ác, ắc, ấc, ức, ước mua e hoʻohuli

Ex .: + ʻano Kina ke Akau, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: Nā bc inalike paha, ma ʻO Nôm, Nā bc, bc or Nā bc.

b) ach, ếch, iếc, ʻē

   ach, ếch, iếc, ʻē mua e hoʻohuli

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 役, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: dauch hiki paha i ka hui viEc in ʻO Nôm; 
+ ʻAno Kina ulaʻula, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: xích, inalike paha, ma ʻO Nôm, xếch or xệch.

c) ai, Ay, ây, oai, oay, e u ,y, o, ii, uii, uôi, ươi, ui a ma kekahi manawa a

   ai, Ay, ây, oai, oay, e u ,y, o, ii, uii, uôi, ươi, ui a ma kekahi manawa a a liuliu

Ex .: + ʻano Kina Kākoʻo, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: na lilo hiki paha i ka hui chia in ʻO Nôm;
+ ʻAno Kina Ь, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: bī inalike paha, ma ʻO Nôm, bE or vUa.

d) am, ʻām, âm, ʻēm, ʻēm, ʻīm, ʻīm, ʻōm, ơm, um, ươm

   am, ʻām, âm, ʻēm, ʻēm, ʻīm, ʻīm, ʻōm, ơm, um, ươm mua e hoʻohuli 

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 冘, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: ʻđam inalike paha, ma ʻO Nôm, âm, em or đơm.

e) al, ăn, ân, en, ên, iên, uyên, in, uân, on, ôn, ươn, ơn, un, ưn, uôn

    al, ăn, ân, en, ên, iên, uyên, in, uân, on, ôn, ươn, ơn, un, ưn, uôn mua e hoʻohuli 

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 鄰, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: lan ua hoʻohana ʻia e mea hōʻike lān in ʻO Nôm.¹⁹

f) ăng, âng, ung, ưng, ương

    ăng, âng, ung, ưng, ương mua e hoʻohuli 

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 登, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: pou ua lilo ia i mea e hoike ai, ma ʻO Nôm, lā or chUng.

g) ongou, Ohng, ung a ma kekahi manawa .ng

    ong, ôi, ưng a i kekahi manawa i hoʻololi ʻia

Ex .: + ʻano Kina hoʻohana, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: dUng ua lilo ia i mea e hoike ai, ma ʻO Nôm, dōng, au i ka lepo.

h) anh, ênh, inh, ieng, ang, ưng

    anh, ênh, inh, ieng, ang, ưng mua e hoʻohuli 

Ex .: + ʻano Kina Hanau, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: sinh or sanh ua hoʻohana ʻia e mea hōʻike siêng in ʻO Nôm.

i) ao, au, âu, o, ôa, ơ, u, ư, ưa, ưu

    ao, au, âu, o, ôa, ơ, u, ư, ưa, ưu mua e hoʻohuli

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 牢, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: Ōlelo Laosa ua hoʻohana ʻia e like me hsiai-shéng mea e hōʻike Ōlelo Laosa, Lau, trao or trau.

j) ap, ăp, âp, ep, êp, iêp, ip, op, ôp, ơp, up, ,p, ươp

    ap, ăp, âp, ep, êp, iêp, ip, op, ôp, ơp, up, ,p, ươp ua hoʻololi ʻia.

Ex .: + ʻano Kina a, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: chep ua lilo ia i mea e hoike ai, ma ʻO Nôm, ghep, ghep or kaup.

k) at, ăt, ât, uất, ot, ôt, ơt, ut, ưt, ươt, uôt,

    at, ăt, ât, uất, ot, ôt, ơt, ut, ưt, ươt, uôt, ua hoʻololi ʻia.

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 乙, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: ât ua lilo ia i mea e hoike ai i ʻO Nôm, het, ʻú or it.

l) et, ʻē, ʻē, ʻo ia

    et, ʻē, ʻē, ʻo ia ua hoʻololi ʻia.

Ex .: + ʻano Kina 歇, Heluhelu a Sino-Vietnamese: hiEt ua lilo ia i mea e hoike ai i ʻO Nôm hEt or hē.

NB: Mai nā laʻana i luna aʻe, ʻike mākou i kekahi mau ChU ʻO Nôm ua hana ʻia e ka hoʻololi ʻana ʻaʻole wale nā ​​consonants mua wale nō, akā ʻo nā ʻalu mau i kekahi a me ke kala.

Ex .: +  a hiki e heluhelu ʻia chep, ghep, kaup or kīp; hiki e heluhelu ʻia pulu, nghem or ghem.

… Hoʻomau i ka ʻāpana 3…

NĀ MANAʻO:
'  ʻO CHỮ NÔM a i ʻole Hōʻike Manaʻo Vietnamese a me kāna mau ʻāpana i ke kau ʻana ma Vietnamese - Pauku 3.
'  ʻO CHỮ NÔM a i ʻole Hōʻike Manaʻo Vietnamese a me kāna mau ʻāpana i ke kau ʻana ma Vietnamese - Pauku 1.

noka:
¹⁵ Nguyễn Khắc-Kham, “Nā hōʻaiʻē haole ma Vietnam", Area ʻĀina a me ʻAlauwika, No 19, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 1969 pp. 142-175.
¹⁶  ʻO Kono Rokuro,ʻO ka kākau ʻana i Kina a me kona mana i nā Scripts o nā kānaka ʻē aʻe me kahi mea koʻikoʻi kūikawā no Korea a me Iapana", Nā Makuahine o ka ʻOihana Hoʻohālikelike o ka Toyo Bunko (ʻO ka Hale Waihona o Oriental) ʻAʻole 27. ʻO ka Toyo Bunko, Tokyo, 1969. pp. 117-123., 一 要 解 國語 [Nhất yếu giải quốc ngữ], 國 法 法, 學 湯 氵 尺, 寺 瀨 參 監 介 參, 寺 瀨 光 男 編, 東京 堂, kaʻaoʻao 66. 
¹⁷  ʻO Dương Quảng Hàm,Le chữ nôm ou écriture démotique. Son son dans l'étude de lʻancienne littérature Annamite", Bulletin de lʻInstruction Publique de lʻIndochine No 7, Mars 1942. NB Ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia māhele ʻehā o ka chữ nôm, ʻo Dương Quảng Hàm i ʻōlelo pū ʻia i ka grapheme, ka heluhelu ʻana o Sino-Vietnamese: vau (ʻono, ʻaono) e like me ka hana e hoʻopili ai i ka morpheme Vietnamese mūi. ^ E Ha yM. Eia naʻe ua manaʻo kēia mea kākau moʻolelo ua heluhelu ʻia paha ka ʻano Kina mūi e ka poʻe Vietnamese ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka dinamaka ʻo Tʻang Kina i ka hoʻohālike ʻana i ka heluhelu ʻana o ka Kina. ((cf. H. Maspero, "Quelques mots Annamites dʻorigine Chinoise" BEFEO, ʻaʻohe 3, 1916, pp 35-39). Pela no paha paha a chU ʻO Nôm nona ka lā ma mua o ka makahiki ʻewalu. 
¹⁸ RP Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, ʻO Văn chương An Nam, Littérature Annamite, Imprimerie de la Société des Missions Etrangères, Hong Kong, 1933. pp. 162-166. 
¹⁹  Hōʻike ʻia kēia hoʻohālike e 竃 keia mea kakau ma kahi o, a Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, ua lilo i representant ma nôm răn, Hōn or lā.

BAN TU THƯ
03 / 2020

noka:
** Ua hoʻokau ʻia ka inoa o nā ʻāpana, nā kikokiko wiwo ʻole a me nā kiʻi sepia e Ban Tu Thu - ma kahi o ka mea
◊ Kumu: Ke Kula Nui o Sino-Nom hoʻopaʻa haʻawina.