KA WAIWAI VIETNAMESE no Vietnamese a me na ʻIno e - Kumumana - Pauku 1
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Introduction
ka ʻO ka'ōlelo Vietnamese ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo kamaʻāina o nā kānaka Vietnamese a me ka ʻōlelo makuahine-ʻona of Poʻe Viet (i kapa ʻia ʻo Kinh, ka hui ʻohana nui ma Vietnam). ʻO ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻōlelo maʻamau e hoʻohana ʻia e ka poʻe holoʻokoʻa he hana paʻakikī ma muli o ka like o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka huina a me nā loiloi. Wiekanama ka mea i kau i ka melodious syllables a me stress accent. Hoʻonani he kuleana nui ia e pāʻani ai ke kōkua ʻana i ke ʻano a maopopo i ke ʻano o nā ʻōlelo. Aia pū kekahi mau mea ʻona i loko o ka ʻO ka'ōlelo Vietnamese, i waena o nā mea maʻamau a punahele punahele loa. ʻĀnō nā ʻina o kēia alapine i kahi ʻano maʻamau i ke ʻano o ka haʻi ʻana i ka nui o ke kani ʻole ʻana o ka accent maʻamau a ʻo ka grammar. ʻEse Vietnamese a ʻōlelo ʻōlelo monosyllabic me kēlā me kēia kani kani i lawe i kekahi ʻano. Hāʻawi ʻia, he mau inoa inoa ʻole o ka huaʻōlelo i hoʻohui ʻia nā mea 2, 3 a i ʻole nā kani leo pākaukau.
ka ʻO ka'ōlelo Vietnamese i kūkulu ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia i nā kenekulia he mau manawa. Ua hoʻohana nā palapala palapala i nā mōʻaukala feudal mua i ka Chinese a ʻaʻole hoʻi a hiki i ka wā hānau inoa [ʻO Nôm] (Palapala Demotes) ʻōlelo ma ka ʻekahi 14 mau makahiki ua hana ʻo ia ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana a me ka kākau. I nā makahiki 17, Wiekanama a i ʻole i hele ʻia ka ʻōlelo pelekane. ʻO kāna kumu e pili kokoke ana i nā poʻe Pukiki, Spanish, Palani a me Palani e hana nei ma nā ʻāina ʻo East Hikina Hema.
Ua hoʻolālā ka mea i kākau i kahi palapala kākau hou i ke ʻano e haʻi i ka ʻO ka'ōlelo Vietnamese. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā mea e ʻike nui i ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i Vietnamese i kēlā manawa he nomar Wīwī i inoa ʻO Alexandre de Rhode1 me kāna hoʻopuka ʻana o kekahi o ka lālani Vietnamese mua a me ka grammar i kapa ʻia Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin Dictionary. Iloko Wiekanama ua hoʻohana wale ia no ka hoʻolaha o ka hoʻomohala akā ua helu lehulehu ʻo ia i ka wā e kau ai ka poʻe Farani i ko lākou koloni kolepa ma Vietnam. I kekahi mau hoʻonui Wiekanama i nā mea hana maoli no ka rula o nā poʻe koloni, akā laila, hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ʻoluʻolu. Wiekanama lilo i mea kaulana. Eia kekahi, ʻoi ka maʻalahi o ka ʻōlelo ʻatikala a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i hiki ai ke lanakila i kekahi mau ʻōlelo hoʻohewa.2, 3
Wiekanama (tiếng Việt, a i ʻole ka maʻalahi ʻO Việt ngữ)ʻo ia ka aupuni a ʻ languagelelo maʻamau o Vietnam. ʻO ia ka ʻōlelo makuahine 86% o ka heluna lehulehu o Vietnam, a ma kahi o ʻekolu miliona mau Vietnamese i nā ʻāina ʻē. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi ʻōlelo ʻelua e nā lāhui ʻōiwi he nui o Vietnam. He ʻāpana ia o ka ʻOhana ʻohana Austroasiatic4, nona nā mea e kamaʻilio nui e ka margin nui (i kekahi mau manawa nui aku i nā ʻōlelo Austroasiatic ʻē aʻe i ʻulu pū). He nui a ʻAbularylelo Vietnamese ua hōʻaiʻē ʻia mai ke Kina, a ua kākau ʻia ma mua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana kākau Kina, ʻoiai naʻe i kahi ʻano i hoʻololi ʻia a hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻōlelo vernacular. E like me ka mea e hoʻopiʻi a me ka maluhia aupuni Farani, hōʻike ka ʻōlelo i kekahi mau mana mai Farani, a me ka ʻŌnaehana kākau Vietnam (quốc ngữ) i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia lā i kahi hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻO ka huapalapala latina, me nā diacritics hōʻano hou no nā leo a me kekahi mau leka.
e like me ka ʻ nationallelo Hawaiʻi o ka nui o nā pūʻulu o nā hui, Wiekanama e oleloia a puni o Vietnam e Nā kānaka Vietnamese, aia pū me nā lāhui liʻiliʻi. Ua ʻōlelo pū ʻia kekahi mau kaiāulu o Vietnam ma waho loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kahi ona he mau miliona āna e ʻōlelo ai a ʻehiku ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo e ʻōlelo ai (ʻo ia ka hiku o ka ʻōlelo ʻōlelo ʻekahi.aia i 3 ma Texas, 4 a i Arkansas me Louisiana, a ma 5 ma Kaleponi). Ma Australia, ʻo ia ke ono o ka ʻōlelo e ʻōlelo ʻia nei.
Wahi a ka Ethnologue, Wiekanama ʻlelo ʻia nō hoʻi e ka nui o ka poʻe ma Kambupila, Kanada, Kina, Côte dʻIvoire, Czech Republic, Pinilana, Palani, Kelemania, Laos, Martinique, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Nolewai, Filipaina, ka Russian Federation, Senegal, Taiwan, Thailand, ke Aupuni Hui Pū ʻia, a me Vanuatu.
"I ka wā mua, ʻo kā Vietnamese kekahi mau leo a kaʻana i kahi huaʻōlelo nui me ka Kina, ua hui ʻia ʻo ia iā Sino-Tibetan”. Ma hope, ua loaʻa ka leo o Vietnamese kū loaAndré-Georges Haudricourt-1954)5 a ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka huaʻōlelo like Kina mai Hanina i ka wā o ko lākou moʻolelo like ʻole (1992); ʻaʻohe mea e pili ana kēia mau mea ʻelua i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Vietnam. Wiekanama was then classified to the Kam-Tai subfamily of ʻo Daic me Zhuang (e pili ana iā Nùng a me Tày ma Vietnam Akau) a me ka Thai, ma hope o ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka China. Eia naʻe, ka Nā ʻāpana Daic ua hōʻaiʻē ʻia ʻia mai Zhuang i ko lākou moʻolelo kahiko o nā hoa noho (André-Georges Haudricourt), ʻaʻole nā hiʻohiʻona mua o Vietnam. Hope, Wiekanama ua helu ʻia i ka ʻO Austroasiatic ʻohana linguistic4, ka Mon-Khmer liuliuliu ʻO Viet-Moung mau lālā (1992) ma hope o ke hana hou ʻia ʻana. Weliweli ʻo ia ka lehulehu ma Vietnam. Wahi a ka Fudan University's 2006 haʻawina, no ia ia Mon-Khmer kamaʻāina, akā ʻaʻohe huaʻōlelo hope no kona kumu.
ʻO Henri Maspero6 malama i ka ʻ Languagelelo Vietnamese of ʻ -lelo-Thai, a i ka Makua Kahu Souvignet Ua hana ʻia i ʻ Indolelo-meli hui. AG Haudricourt5 ua hōʻole i ka palapala kākau o Maspero6 a hopena ua hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻo Vietnamese i ka ʻohana Austroasiatic. ʻAʻole kekahi o kēia mau ʻano wehewehe i ke kumu o ka ʻO ka'ōlelo Vietnamese. ^ E Ha yM. Akā hoʻokahi mea, mau nō naʻe: ʻAʻole ʻo Vietnamese kahi ʻōlelo maʻemaʻe. ʻIa like ia me ka hui pū ʻana o kekahi mau 'ōlelo, kahiko a me kēia mau mea, ua hālāwai me ka wā o ka mōʻaukala ma hope o nā pilina kūleʻa ma waena o nā kānaka ʻē a me ka poʻe o Vietnam.
ʻOiai e haʻi ʻia e ka Nā kānaka Vietnamese no millennia, i kakauia Wiekanama ʻaʻole i lilo ka 'ōlelo aʻoaʻo limahana o Vietnam a hiki i ka kenekulia 20. No ka hapanui o kona mōʻaukala, ka mana i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo Vietnam i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka Chinese classical Chinese. Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 13, ua hana ka ʻāina Chữ nôm, kahi ʻōnaehana kākau e hana ana i nā huaʻōlelo Kina me nā mea phonetic i mea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi i nā mea kani e pili ana i ka ʻōlelo Vietnamese. Chữ nôm i hōʻoia ʻia e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa ma mua o nā moʻolelo Kina i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kenekulia 17 a me 18 no nā poema a me ka palapala. Chữ nôm i ke hoʻohana 'ia no nā hana kūleʻa i ka wā pōkole H u a Nā Aliʻi Tây Sơn7. ^ E Ha yM. I ka wā colonialism Farani, ua hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe Farani i ka hoʻokele. ʻAʻole i kūʻokoʻa a hiki mai Farani mai ka hoʻohana mua ʻana o Vietnam. ʻO ia ka ʻōlelo aʻo i nā kula a me nā kula a ʻo ka ʻōlelo nō ia no ka ʻoihana kūikawā.
E like me nā aupuni ʻē aʻe he nui, me ka hopena o ka pilina pili me Kina no nā tausani he mau makahiki, ʻo ka nui o ia Wiekanama lxkaa e pili ana i ka ʻepekema a me ka politika ka mea mai ka China. Ma kahi o 60% o ka lexical stock he mau kumu kanu Kina, ʻaʻole me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hua ʻōlelo maoli mai Kina, ʻoiai he nui nā huaʻōlelo i haku ʻia. ʻ wordslelo Vietnamese hui pū me nā hōʻaiʻē a Kaina. Hiki i kekahi ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o kahi huaʻōlelo Vietnamese a me kahi mea noiole Kina inā hiki ke hōʻa ʻia ʻia a i ʻole ka loli o kona ʻano inā hoʻololi ʻia ke kani. Ma muli o ka hana a Farani, ua loaʻa iā Vietnam ka nui o nā huaʻōlelo he nui i hōʻaiʻē ʻia mai nā ʻLelo Palani, o kahi laʻana cà phē (mai Farani ke kope). I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā huaʻōlelo hou he nui i ka lexicon o ka ʻōlelo ma muli o ke ʻano kaumaha o ka moʻomeheu Komohana. hōʻaiʻē maʻamau kēia mau mea mai ka Pelekania, no ka laʻana TV (ʻoiai e ʻike ʻia i loko o ka palapala i kākau ʻia e like me kīwī). ʻO kekahi manawa i kēia mau hōʻaiʻē i unuhi maoli ʻia i loko o Vietnamese (ʻo kahi laʻana, hoʻoiho ʻia ka polokalamu i phần mềm, ʻo ia hoʻi ka manaʻo he "ʻāpana palupalu").8
… Hoʻomau i ka ʻāpana 2…
NĀ MANAʻO:
' ʻ LANGlelo VIETNAMESE no Vietnamese a me nā haole - Alphabet Vietnamese - Kaha 2
' ʻ LANGlelo VIETNAMESE no Vietnamese a me nā haole - Consonants Vietnamese - Māhele 3
' NO KA HōʻIKI VIETNAMESE no Vietnamese a me nā malihini - Nā ʻāpana Vietnamese - Pauku 4
' ʻ LANGlelo VIETNAMESE no Vietnamese a me nā haole - Consonants Vietnamese - Māhele 5
noka:
1 Alexandre de Rhodes, SJ [15 March 1591 ma Avignon, Nā Aupuni Papali (i Farani i kēia manawa) - 5 Nowemapa 1660 ma Isfahan, Peresia] ʻo ia he mikionali Jesuitite ʻo Avignonese a he lexicographer ka mea i hopena ka hopena ma ka hoʻomana Kalikiano ma Vietnam. Ua kākau ʻo ia i ka ʻO Halekulaʻāina Annamiticum Lusitanum a me Latinum, ka puke wehewehe ʻōlelo Vietnamese-Pukiki-Lākina trilingual mua, i paʻi ʻia ma Roma, i ka makahiki 1651.
2 Punawai: Lac Viet Computing Corporation.
3 Kumuwaiwai: IRD New Tech.
4 ʻO nā ʻōlelo Austroasiatic, i ʻike ʻia ʻo Mon – Khmer, kahi ʻohana ʻōlelo nui o ka Hema Hikina Hema Asia, a ua heleleʻi hoʻi ma nā wahi o India, Bangladesh, Nepal, a me Kina hema. Aia ma kahi o 117 miliona mau ʻōlelo o nā ʻōlelo Austroasiatic. ʻO kēia mau ʻōlelo, he Vietnamese, Khmer a me Mon wale nō ka moʻolelo i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia a he Vietnamese a me Khmer wale nō ke kūlana kūhelu e like me nā ʻōlelo aupuni hou (ma Vietnam a me Kambodia).
5 André-Georges Haudricourt (Ianuali 17, 1911 ma Palisa - ʻAukake 20, 1996 ma Palisa) he botanist Farani, anthropologist a me ka loio.
6 ʻO Henri Paul Gaston Maspero (15 Kekemapa 1883 ma Palani - 17 Malaki 1945 ma ke kahua hoʻomoana o Buchenwald, Weimar Nazi Kelemānia) he Sinologist Palani a he polopeka nāna i hāʻawi i nā kumuhana like ʻole e pili ana iā ʻAsia Hikina. Kaulana ʻo Maspero no kāna aʻo pae paionia o Daoism. Ua hoʻopaʻahao ʻia ʻo ia e ka Nazis i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II a make i loko o kahi hoʻomoana ʻo Buchenwald.
7 ʻO ka inoa ʻo Tây Sơn (Nhà Tây Sơn Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo is 西山) i ka mōʻaukala Vietnamese i nā ʻano like ʻole e pili ana i ka wā kipi o nā mahiʻai a me nā moʻokūʻauhau i hoʻokumu ʻia ma waena o ka hopena o ka moʻokūʻauhau Lē ma 1770 a me ka hoʻomaka o ka moʻokūʻauhau Nguyễn i 1802. Ka inoa o nā alakaʻi kipi ' Apana home, Tây Sơn, i hele mai e noi i nā alakaʻi iā lākou iho (nā kaikuaʻana Tây Sơn: ie, Nguyễn Nhạc, Huệ, a me Lữ), ko lākou ala aʻe (ka ʻOihana Tây Sơn) ai kā lākou hoʻoholoka [Nguyễn] Tây Sơn dynasty).
8 Punawai: ʻO Wikipedia Encyclopedia.
Image Kiʻi poʻo - Puna: vi.wikipedia.org
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02 / 2020