ʻO Lý Toét i ke Kulanakauhale: E hele mai e pili me nā hua hou me nā lā Modern i ka makahiki Vietnam - Māhele 1930

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GEORGE DUTTON

KANAWAI

   ʻO ka puka ʻana o nā nūpepa kaulana i ka makahiki 1930 i ʻae ʻo Vietnam i ka ʻōlelo hou e pili ana i kahi ola kula i hoʻohuli ʻia. Lý Toét, mea kolohe kekahi e haki ʻia e kāna hui ʻana me ke kūlanakauhale modem. Hoʻohana kēia ʻatikala e ka Lý Toét nā kiʻi ʻoniʻki i kū ma ka nūpepa hebedoma Phong Hóa [Mores] e like me ke aniani e pili ana i nā ʻano kauhale i ka modem. Hōʻike ʻia ia e hōʻike ana nā hōʻike kiʻi i ka nui o ka ʻenekia i kēia ʻano ma ka ʻaoʻao o Phong HóaʻO nā mea hoʻoponopono, ʻoiai ke kūpaʻa nei lākou i ka poʻe hou a me ka poʻe hou.

   ka 1930s i ike i ke ano o ka ʻ .lelo Vietnamese, kahi loli i hōʻike nui loa i ke kahe i koi ʻia o ka mīkini paʻi hou. I ka makahiki 1936 wale nō i puka mai nā nūhou hou 230, ʻo ke ala o ke ala kiʻekiʻe e hoʻomaka ana i ka 1920s.¹ ʻO ka mea pā i hoʻonui ʻia i pane i nā loli i nā nui ʻO nā kumulani Vietnamese, ʻaʻole ka mea liʻiliʻi o ka māla nui i noho ka lehulehu me ka loaʻa kālā e kūʻai i kēia mau paʻi hou, ka manawa e heluhelu ai iā lākou, a me ka palapala koi i ke ʻano hou o ka Vietnamese, quốc ngữ. Ua manaʻo ʻo David Marr i ka hala o nā makahiki 1930 e like me ka 1.8 miliona mau Vietnamese (paha ka hapa nui o lākou i ke kūlanakauhale) ka hana mau me ka hana 'ana ma quốc ngữ.² ʻO kēia lehulehu heluhelu hou ka mea i kū i ke anaina nui no kēia mau nūpepa, ka mea e hoʻolālā nei i ka milieu o ke kūlanakauhale a hoʻohuli ʻia e ia Ma waena o nā makana koʻikoʻi o kēia mau puke pai hou ua hōʻike lākou i ka manaʻo e noho ana nā Vietnamese i kahi wā hou a ikaika, kahi i kū ai ka wā i hala a me nā "kuʻuna" i ka hana i kēia manawa a me ka "modernity."

    ʻO kekahi o nā mea kaulana kaulana o kēia kūlike ka hiʻohiʻona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kahi malihini kipa i ke kūlanakauhale nui e ka inoa o Lý Toét. ^ E Ha yM. Ma kahi kikoʻī ka hōʻike o kēia helu i ka hakakā ma waena o ka wā kahiko a me nā mea hou, a ma kahi kūlana ʻē aʻe ua lawelawe ʻo ia i ke kiʻi hoʻohālikelike i kahi ʻano kaulana o Vietnam mai kupa. N kiko loa Lý Toét he kāhea o ka lưở trng [ke aliʻi kauā kuʻuna], kahi ʻoniʻoni e hōʻike ana i nā ʻO Philippe Papin ua kāhea i ka "maikaʻi hānai kalahala maikaʻi" a ʻO Marr ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ke "lunakahiko o ke kauā anachronistic."³ ʻO Toét, ka mea i loaʻa mua iā ia ma ke ʻano he ʻano hoʻohālike i loko o nā ʻanuʻu [chèo cải lương] o nā kamaliʻi mua loa o nā makahiki 1930, ua hana i kahi kūlana i ʻike mau ʻia a ʻike ʻia i ka nūpepa paʻi, ʻoiai hoʻi i ka Hà Nội pule Phong Hóa [Nā Mores].⁴ Aia ma luna o nā ʻaoʻao o ka Phong Hóa ai nā mea a ke kaikuahine ona i paʻi ʻia ʻAʻole [ʻO kēia mau Hana] Lý Toét ua hiki i ka emblematize ka Kāleʻa Vietnamese nalowale loa i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale.

     E noʻonoʻo pono kēia ʻatikala Lý Toét e like me kona ʻike i loko Phong Hóa, ka nānā ʻana i nā ala kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ai ʻo ia i mea e hoʻokūkū ai i nā pili o ka wā ma mua a i kēia manawa, i ke kaiāulu a me ke kūlanakauhale, a "moolelo"A me"keʻano hou. "I kona hālāwai me ke ola o ke kūlanakauhale, Lý Toét ua hōʻike i nā mea paʻakikī o ke kūloko o ke kūloko. Lý Toét he kamaaina kamaʻāina ʻole i hakakā (kūleʻa pinepine ʻole ia) ke hoʻomaopopo i kēia mau lā, a i ka nānā ʻana i kāna mau hakakā ʻana, hiki i nā kime kulanakauhale ke hoʻomaikaʻi iā lākou iho i kā lākou mākaukau ponoʻī pono ʻana, kahi ʻano maikaʻi i kau ai i ka ʻike a me ka ʻike. Lý Toét ʻaʻole i loaʻa. Eia naʻe, i ka manawa like, Lý ToétNā mea e hālāwai ai me ke ola o ke kūlanakauhale ua hōʻike i ka manaʻo o kēia au hou, me ka paʻa o ke kino a me nā manawa maʻamau ke haʻalele nei i nā kūlana o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.

     ʻO kaʻu heluhelu heluhelu o Lý Toét ua hōʻike aku nā kikoʻī i kekahi mau hoʻololi i nā hoʻohalike ʻano o ka nānā ʻana o Phong Hóa'Ā ka mea hoʻoponopono, ka hui pilikino kākāʻōlelo pilikino [ʻO Tự Lực Văn Đoàn]. ʻO kēia pūʻulu, hoʻonohonoho ʻia e Nhất Linh a he helu liʻiliʻi o nā mea kākau manaʻo like i loko o ka makahiki 1934, i hōʻike i kona kaʻe i loko o kahi hōʻike he ʻumi kahi i ʻōlelo ai i ka hana ʻana i nā palapala e waiwai ai ka ʻāina, a me ka hana i nā ʻano i hiki ke alo, ʻae a maʻalahi hoʻi. Ua hoʻolaha pū kekahi i ke kūpaʻa o ka hui i ka hakakā mau ʻana no ka holomua a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻonui i ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻike o ka ʻike ʻepekema.⁵ Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā lālā o ka Pūkahu Hōʻikeʻike kūwaho o nā lālā ma hope o nā mea kākau moʻolelo ma hope o ka romantics apolitical, me kahi ʻano volonely procolonial, a i ʻole he pena ʻole mau ʻana o kahi ʻano hou loa, ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā kumu akā ʻaʻole ia i ke ʻano o nā ʻenehana hou, nā ʻōnaehana kaiāulu, a me nā moʻomeheu hou. mau kaʻa. ʻOiai ʻo nā ʻōkuhi ikaika i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka pūʻulu, ke manaʻo nei wau he mau nūpepa kā lākou, ʻoiai Phong Hóa, hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻike maka nui loa o nā loli wikiwiki i hana a puni lākou. Eia wau e wehewehe i lalo, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi ʻikepili ʻaʻole wale ke ʻano hōʻino wale o ka "i hope." Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hui "ka hakakā i ka holomua," ka wā i haki ʻia e ka nui o nā puke i hoʻopuka ʻia ai "ka holomua" ma mua o ka pono a me ka hoʻoweliweli. E like me, Kūʻai Kemika he ʻano hoʻohālikelike o nā loli kūloko o ke kūlanakauhale i kālama ʻia e "modernity" a i ia manawa kahi haʻi ʻōlelo e pili ana iā lākou e hoʻonaninani pinepine ana i nā ʻōlelo ʻano ʻole o ka hui pilikino.

    ʻO ka mana i ka hōʻike Phong Hóa i hōʻailona ʻia e ka wikiwiki wikiwiki, ʻoihana ʻōnaehana o ka lehulehu, kahi hoʻololi i nā pilina pili ʻana, a me ka urbanization ʻo ia iho. Ua hōʻike i kahi "awiwi" i hoʻokuʻi ʻia e ʻEulopa, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, me ka nānā ʻana o ke Vietnamese "manawa". ʻAno ua ʻike mua ka poʻe heluhelu o Vietnam i kēia mau nūpepa me ka huaʻōlelo hou no ka "modem" -hou—Is aole maopopo. I mea hou aʻe paha lākou e hālāwai me ka manaʻo o ka hoʻololi i ka ʻōlelo mới.kā, "E hiki nō ke unuhi ʻia ka manaʻo ʻelua o"hou. "⁶ ʻO ka mea i manaʻo maopopo, ua ʻike nā ʻōiwi Vietnamese i ola lākou i ka manawa o ka hoʻohuli e hoʻohuli nei i nā ʻano o ke kamaʻilio a me ka mākaʻi, a me ka launa pū ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike, ua loli wale nā ​​mea a pau. Eia nō naʻe, aia kahi manaʻo ikaika o ka huakaʻi hele a hoʻololi i kahi kahi hope loa ʻike ʻia. Manaʻo ka poʻe i ke komo ʻana i loko o kēia mau loli, kahi manaʻo paʻa i ka ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ke kaiāulu o nā mea kākau a me nā mea kākau moʻolelo e hāpai nei i nā nūpepa hou e kū mai nei i ka makahiki 1930.

… KAʻIAHEA…

KA MANAʻO:

1. David Marr, "He manaʻo no kēia mau lā: ʻectuallelo naʻauao a me nā Media," ma ʻO Postwar Vietnam: Nā Dynamics o kahi Hui Hoʻololi, ed. Hy V. Luong (Lanham, MD: Rowman lāua ʻo Littlefield, 2003), ekahi.
2. ʻO David Marr, ʻO ke kuʻuna Vietnamese ma ka hoʻokolokolo: 1920-1945 (Berkeley a me Los Angeles: Ke Kulanui o Kaleponi Press, 1981), 34; 'o Marr, "A Passion for Modernity," 261. Ma ka haʻike' ana o Marr, ua hōʻike 'ia kēia helu i ka helu pālua o ka helu o ka Vietnamese mai kahi kenekulia ma mua.
3. Marr, "He Mana no kēia Kū," 261; ʻO Philippe Papin, "ʻO wai ka Mana i loko o ke Kahu?" Ma Vietnam expose: Palapala Kūlana Farani ma ka Makahiki ʻumikūmālua. ^ E Ha yM. Vietnamese Society, ed. Gisclc L. Kauoha a me Pierre Brocheux (Ann Arbor: Ke Kulanui o Michigan Press, 2002), 29; Neil JamiesonBerkeley a me Los Angeles: Ke Kulanui o Kaleponi Press, 1993), ekahi.
4. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Maurice Durand lāua ʻo Nguyen Tran Huan ʻo Lý Toét ka mea no ka poʻokela ʻo Tú Mỡ a ua hoʻomohala ʻia i ka makahiki 1927, he pane paʻakikī ka hōʻoia. E ʻike iā Maurice Durand a me Nguyen Tran Huan, He Moolelo no ka Palapala Hoike Vietnamese, trans. Kauwe Hawke (Nu Ioka: ʻO ke Kulanui o ke Kulanui o Columbia, 1985), 119. Ua hana pinepine pinepine ʻo Lý Toét i nā ʻano Phong HóaʻO ke kaikuahine puke ʻAʻole [I kēia mau lā), ʻoiai nā kumu o kēia ʻatikala e nānā wale nō wau i kāna mau hanana i ka wā ma mua.
5. ʻO ka ʻōlelo ideology piha piha o ka hui i loaʻa iā ia ma "T“ Lực Văn Đoàn, " Phong Hóa, Malaki 2,1934, p. 2.
6. ʻO Nguyễn Văn Ký, La Societe Vietnamienne maka he La Modemite: Le tonkin de la fin du XIXe siecle de la second guerre mondiale [Vietnamese Society Faces Modernity: ʻO Tonkin mai ka hopena o ka makahiki ʻumikūmāiwa a i ka Honua Honua Kauoha) ()Palisa: L'Harmattan, 1995), ekahi.

(Source: Ka Nupepa Haʻawina Vietnamese, Vol. 2. Hoʻopuka 1. pps. 80-108. ISSN 1559-372X, uila ISSN 1559- 3758. © 2007 e nā Regents o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi. http: / Av \ vw.ucprcssjournals.coin / rcprintlnfo.asp.)

NĀ MANAʻO:
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