KA KĀHANA o 54 EʻOA GROUPS ma VIETNAM - Pauku 2
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… E hoʻomau ʻia no ka ʻĀpana 1:
PHAM DUC THANH, Kauka Assoc. Prof.1
Nā Palapala Kūlana Mea Kūʻai
ʻEhā mau lāhui kanaka e noho ana i nā papu, ʻo ia hoʻi Kinh, Hoa, Cham a khmer. ^ E Ha yM. Noho lākou i ka hānai ʻuala, lawaiʻa a me nā hana lima.
Noho ke koena mau ʻohana noho kūloko ma nā kuahiwi i nā Nū komohana Akau Vietnam a Kōkua.
ka Komohana ʻEhā mau ʻāpana: Hoa Binh14, Keiki La15, Lai Chau16 a Maʻa Bien17 kahi i kahakaha ai nā poʻe mnorities i ka hapa nui o ka lehulehu (72-85%). Kuhi lākou no 79.2% o ka heluna o ka heluna a me 16.8% o ka heluna o nā heluna kanaka ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina.
Ma keia wahi, ke Thai ʻo ka hapa nui - ma kahi o 32.3% o ka heluna o ka ʻāina a me 54% o ka heluna nui o ka Thai in Vietnam. i Keiki La15 panalaau hea, hui pū nā hui no 55% o ka heluna.
ka Kaomi helu no 24% o ka heluna o ka ʻāina a 48.5% o ka Kaomi kaiāulu i kēia ʻāina. I Hoa Binh14 panalaau hea, ka Kaomi o ka hui nui, e helu ana no ka 63% o ka heluna o ka heluna.
ʻO nā hui ʻē aʻe e noho ana ma ka ʻāina kekahi Mona (13% o ko ka ʻāina heluna a me 36.7% o ko H'mong kaiāulu) a me ka ʻO Dao (3.1% a me 11.1% i kēlā me kēia).
ka Hikina aia i loko o 11 mau panalāʻau. ʻO nā lāhui lāhui he 41.3% o ka heluna o ka ʻāina a 34.6% o ka heluna nui o nā hui lāhui i Vietnam.
ʻO nā mokuʻāina me nā heluna kanaka kiʻekiʻe loa Cao Bang16, ʻo iaʻo Giang17, Kaʻa Can18, ʻO Son19, Lao Cai20 (67% -95%). ʻO Yen Bai21 a ʻO Tuyen Quang22 loaʻa ka heluna kanaka ma kahi o kahi hapalua e hele mai i etene mnontes. Nīyeni Thai23, Phu24, Bac Giang25 a ʻO Quang Ninh26 ua loaʻa i kahi puʻupuʻu poʻo nā puʻupuʻu, mai ka 11% a 25%,
ka Komohana ka home o ka Thai oiai ka Hikina o ke kumu o ka Tay a Nung. ^ E Ha yM. Eia, Tay account no 15% o ka heluna kanaka a me ka kokoke 90% o ka nui Tay heluna kanaka. ʻO kēia mau helu no ka Nung he 8% a 85% i mahalo, a Mona 5% a me 57%. O ka Tay a Nung ʻo nā ʻōiwi kahi noho i nā wahi haʻahaʻa ma kahi o nā kumu wai. Uaʻike lākou i nā mea kanu a me nāʻoihana ʻē aʻe.
Ka māhele ʻākau o Central Vietnam pani ʻia eono aupuni mai Hoa Hoa27 i Kauwei Thien-Hue28. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā ʻōiwi liʻiliʻi e noho nei ma ia ʻāina ʻo ia ka Mona, Thai, Kho mu, a Muong. Huli lākou he 10.6% o kāna heluna kanaka a he 10% o ka heluna o nā kamaʻāina ʻē i loko Vietnam.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa mea lahilahi e noho wale no ka 14-16% o ka lehulehu o Hoa Hoa27 a Nghe An28, ua loaʻa nā ʻāina he nui o kēia mau ʻāina he mau mauna kiʻekiʻe.
ka Thai e noho ana Hoa Hoa27 a Nghe An28 i kahi kokoke i 37% o ka huina Thai heluna kanaka. O ka Kaomi in Hoa Hoa27 i kahi kokoke i 30% o ka huina o ka hui. O ka Kau, he hui liʻiliʻi me 70,000 mau kānaka, e noho nui ana Hoa Hoa27 a Nghe An28 (95%). ʻO ka hapa nui o 55,000 Bru-Van Kieu noho ka poʻe ma nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ʻO Quang Ninh29 a ʻO Quang Tri30.
Ka aoao hema o Central Vietnam me nā panina ʻeono ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻana o nā lāhui kanaka Ho Re, Bru-Van Kieu, Co Tu, Ta Oi, Gie Trieng, Raglai, a Cham. ^ E Ha yM. Huli kēia mau pūʻulu i ka 5.5% o ka heluna kanaka a ma lalo o 3% o ka heluna o nā heluna kanaka i ko nā ʻāpanaʻāina. Hoʻopili lākou i kekahi mau wahi kikoʻī.
Ma kahi o 98% o nā Hui ʻo Re Re, 33-36% o ka ʻO Raglai, 15-16% o ka Cham e noho ma kēia wahi.
ka Kōkua aia nā moku: Dak Lak31, Dak Nong32, Gia Lai33, Kon Tum34 a Lam Dong35. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia kahi kahi o nā lāhui he 40 he mau ʻohana liʻiliʻi.Gia Rai, E De, Ba Na, Xo Dang, Mnong, Gie Trieng, Ma, Chu Ru, Raglai, Co Ho, Brau, a me Ro Mam). No nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, ka neʻe mai o kekahi mau lāhui liʻiliʻi H'mong, Tay, Nung, Dao) mai ka ʻĀkau i kōkua i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana o ka lehulehu i ka wahi. Ma aneʻi, ua helu ke kuʻikahi lahilahi ma kahi o 33% o ka heluna kanaka a ma kahi o 13% o ka heluna o nā heluna kanaka kūloko Vietnam.
ln ka Mekong Delta36, ka nui o nā nīnūnū loa o nā khmer (97% o ka huina o Khmer mau huina) a me ka Hoa (23% o ka nui o ka heluna Hoa Hoa). ʻO Cham e noho hoʻi ma ʻaneʻi ma ka liʻiliʻi (12300 ka poʻe, e kūkulu ana i ka 10% o ka heluna o Cham), iā ʻO Giang37 panalaau hea.
Hoʻokomo ka anthropologic i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka moʻomeheu. ln nā papu a me nā kaiāulu, ulu nā ʻohana i ka ʻūhā, ʻili i nā kaiāulu a me nā ʻūlala nui kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke kahua kaiāulu, ʻo ia hoʻi ka wahi hoʻomana i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ke akua aʻo aʻo. ʻO nā kiʻi ʻē aʻe he nui e like me nā lāʻau banian, nā luawai wai, nā hale kākā o nā māla laukau nui a me nā ʻoliʻoli nui hoʻi nā mea hoʻonaninani no ka hānau wahine wahine lōʻihi lōʻihi, nā pāpale keleawe, nā pāpale plam flat, quan ho38 mele mele, nā ʻokela kaulana (cheo)39 i ka Red Delta Delta40, a i ʻole nā mele nani a me nā mele mele i Central Vietnam, a i ʻole hāmeʻa kūwaha kūpono (ao ba)41 a me nā mele puʻupuʻu e hui pū ʻia e nā kani monochord, e noho nei i nā waʻa a me nā muliwai ma nā Mekong Delta36.
ka Komohana he nani a nani kā na moʻomeheu i waena o Vietnam. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā puʻu mauna kiʻekiʻe a me nā awāwa, nā wili wai nui, nā wai wai e hoʻōla i ka wai ke nānā i ka wā e holo ai ka manawa ma kahi kū. ʻO nā papa pākahi i uhi ʻia me nā māla melemele he mau ʻanuʻu pau ʻole e alakaʻi i ka lewa lani polū. Aia ma nā mauna ʻokiʻoki i ʻO Dong Van37 a ʻO Meo Vac38, nā mea kanu kai ʻala i nā koina liʻiliʻi i nā pali. Ke hōʻike nei kēia ʻano hana i kā lākou manawaleʻa pālahalaha a hiki i ka hiki ke lanakila i ke ʻano.
I ka "kaia pono iho"Hoʻokele waiwai, nā kaikamahine i nā wahi mauna, me ko lākou eleu a me ka mākaukau i ulana ʻia nā pā lole kala, nā pālule, nā kapa i humuhumu ʻia me nā lau nani hoʻonaninani, e hana ana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā lāhui like ʻole. Nā hale ma luna o nā paina, nā hale paia o ka honua, nā moku nūnū, nā papoose, nā lio pūʻolo, nā loina kūloko (stewed com palaoa, pipiʻi ʻai ʻia i nā ʻāpana bamboo, mea ʻai kalo, ka mea ʻala i lawe ʻia me ka mauʻu), nā mākeke kuahiwi, nā mākeke aloha, nā leʻaleʻa, nā hana hoʻomana, nā mele a nā ʻano mele ua lilo i mea hoihoi maoli i ka poʻe malihini.
ʻO ka moʻomeheu o nā lāhui liʻiliʻi i ka Kōkua he mau hiʻohiʻona hiʻona, me nā hale kai nui a nā kaila, nā hale kai lōʻihi a me nā hanana gong i ʻike ʻia i makemake ʻia e UNESCO39 e like me ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu a ke kanaka. I ka Kōkua, nā moho a me nā elepani launa i ke ala nui o ka lawe. E hōʻike ʻia ka moʻomeheu ma aneʻi me lithophone40 set, kau klong41 pākaukau, khan42 (nā mele haipule) nā kani, nā moʻolelo, a xoang43 hulahula.
ʻO ke Pūnaewele o 54 Hui Pūʻulu ma Vietnam
No nā kaukani mau makahiki, he 53 mau tausani lahilahi, me ka Viet (Weliweli) ka poʻe, i hoʻokumu i kahi hui nui a ikaika loa ʻOhana Vietnam. ^ E Ha yM. I kēlā mau hiʻohiʻona ʻano lehulehu a ʻano like ʻole nā moʻomeheu o nā ʻōiwi like ʻole o nā kala ʻono a koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka waiwai kuʻuna kūlohelohe o kēlā me kēia hui a i kēlā me kēia ʻāina, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa a ʻokoʻa ka mea ia o ka Wiekanama moʻomeheu i hāpai a hoʻolaha i ka honua.
I kēia manawa ua manaʻo ʻia ka moʻomeheu a me ke kumu o ka hoʻomohala ʻōiwi. No laila ke kiʻi o kahi Hōʻike Vietnam of 54 mau pūʻulu ʻohana e hoʻopili ʻia me nā ʻike o ke aupuni, ke ʻano a me ka holomua.
NĀ MANAʻO:
' Ke kaiāulu o 54 GROUPS ETHNIC ma Vietnam - Paukū 1.
' 54 Hui Pūʻali ETHNIC ma Vietnam- Introduksi.
Version Vietnamese version (ʻoe-VersiGoo): CONG DONG 54 DAN TOC Vietnam - Phan 1.