Viet-Nam, Civilization and Culture - KA TINSMITHS, COINS CASTERS, GOLDSMITHS and SILVERSMITHS, TINMEN, BRONZE-FOUNDERS, LOCKSMITHS

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Na PIERRE HUARD¹
(ʻO ka lālā hanohano o ka École Française d'Extrême-Orient)
MAKA MAKAUWAI MAUA²
(He lālā o ka École Française d'Extrême-Orient³)
Hoʻoponopono hou ʻia 3rd edition 1998, ʻO Palapala ʻIla Kūʻai Nui,

      TUa hana ʻo ia ma ka tinplate, zinc a me ka tin. Ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana mai o Occidental, ua kaupalena ʻia kā lākou ʻoihana i ka hana ʻana i nā cones liʻiliʻi ma luna o nā pāpale, nā kīʻaha aila e lilo ana i kukui, nā pahu e loaʻa ai ka opiuma a me kekahi mau mea ʻokoʻa like ʻole. Ma hope mai, ua ulu nui ia. ʻOiai e hana ana ka mea hana ʻuala maʻamau e noho mau ana a i ʻole ʻāwīwī, me ka hoʻohana ikaika ʻana i kona mau lima a me nā wāwae i hui hou ʻia e nā manamana wāwae ʻelua, a i ʻole ka manamana wāwae nui a me ka manamana wāwae ʻelua, ʻo ia ka mea ola, palupalu a paʻa. ʻAe kēia e hōʻike i nā mea i hana ʻia ma lalo o ka mea i makemake ʻia no nā mea hana (faila, hāmare, rivet-driver) i lawelawe ʻia e nā lima i koe ʻole. ʻO ka hope loa, ma ka hana ʻoki ʻana, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka lālā ʻoki ʻoki ʻole e ka manamana wāwae nui, ʻoiai ʻo kekahi o nā lima ʻelua e hoʻoneʻe i ka lālā mobile a ʻo ka [Page 190] lima e alakaʻi i ka ʻāpana metala e ʻoki ʻia. I ka olelo "quặp” hōʻike i ka manaʻo o ka hopu ʻana i kahi mea ma waena o ka lua a me ka manamana wāwae nui. [Aoao 191]

NA HOOLAHA DINI

[Aoao 191]  TUa hoolei ia na moni mua a me na kaola gula ma Hanoi e Lưu Xuân Tín, e like me ka hana Pake (e noho ana o Tín ma lalo o Lê Thánh Tôn ie i ka makahiki 1461).
      TʻO nā dālā o kēia manawa i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (akā ʻaʻole i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia) he nui loa ka loam i hui pū ʻia me ka zine.
        TʻO ia ke kaulahao hana (e nānā pū i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kālā (sapèques) ma Revue Indochinoise, 1900).

1. Ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke one;
2. Hoʻohui Zinc;
3. Ka hoolei ana i ka metala i hooheheeia iloko o na poni;
4. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻāpana kālā hoʻohana.

NA HANA GULA a me NA HANA KULA

     TʻO ia nā kaikunāne ʻekolu o Trần Hòa, Trần Điện a me Trần Điền i aʻo i kā lākou ʻoihana ma Kina a hiki i ke kenekulia 6.

    A ʻO ka pahu liʻiliʻi me nā huki huki, loaʻa nā mea waiwai a me nā mea a lākou e hana nei, a hoʻopau ʻia e ka bellow ākea me ka piston (cái bễ) lawa no ke gula kahiko a me ka hana kala. ʻO ka paipu o ka bellow e puka mai ana mai ka pahu i loaʻa i loko o kahi lua i ʻeli ʻia i ka lepo. ʻElua mau pōhaku lepo a me kekahi mau ʻāpana lanahu he umu ahi. ʻO kahi mallet lāʻau metala metala (búa và), nā kiko kālai, kekahi mau poloka lāʻau a me kahi anvil liʻiliʻi e hoʻopiha i kēia mea kani. Koe wale no kekahi mau apo (nā apo nani a i ʻole nā ​​loulou kaulahao), ʻaʻohe hana o nā mea nui. Hana ʻia nā mea nani a pau i ke kālā a i ʻole nā ​​lau gula, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa a i ʻole ka mānoanoa, i hana ʻia i loko o ka repoussé, i hana ʻia a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia paha i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ke nīnau ʻia i nā metala maʻemaʻe me ka ʻole o ka huila. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea gula i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi wai i hoʻolapalapa ʻia a paʻa, ʻo nā pua sophora paha (hoè) aiʻole o tai chua pericarp (ʻO Garcinia pedunculata). A laila, holoi kekahi iā lākou i loko o kahi ʻauʻau wela wela loa. [Aoao 191]

TINMEN

      TʻO ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina ʻo Phạm Ngọc Thành nāna i hoʻokomo i ka ʻenehana Kina i Vietnam ʻĀkau i ka makahiki 1518.
      [Aoao 192] TʻO nā ipu laiki raditional i hana ʻia me ke keleawe hammered, me nā ʻāpana akamai i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kahi ʻano ʻano, hōʻoia i kahi ʻenehana kūpono, mahalo ʻia e ka poʻe connoisseurs.

NA KUMU-BELENE

     TʻO ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina ʻo Bonze Khổng Lộ nāna i aʻo i ka hoʻoheheʻe keleawe ma Kina a hoʻolaha i kāna ʻano hana ma North Vietnam a hiki i 1226. Pono e ʻike ʻia nā mana o waho e like me Jean de la Croix, portuguese hybrid, cannon-founder ma Huế (ke kenekulia 18). Hoʻohanohano mau ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe wax nalo. ʻO ke kiʻi Trần Vũ (kapa kūpono i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Buddha Nui ma Hanoi) a me dynastical urns ma Huế hōʻike i ke akamai o vietnamese keleawe-hoʻokumu (e nānā hoʻi Chochod, Hoʻokumu nā hana i hana ʻia ma Annam, ma BEFEO, IX, 155).

NA LAKA

      SUa ʻike ka moʻomeheu inoid i ka padlock roller a me ka pūnāwai, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e laka i nā ʻāpana nui. Ma ka moʻomeheu vietnamese kuʻuna, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka padlock a paʻa ʻia nā puka o nā hale ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaola lāʻau.

ʻia ....................

+ J. Silvestre. E hoʻohana ʻia nā memo i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kālā a me nā mekala o Annam a me French Cochin-china (Saigon, Imprimerie nationale, 1883).
+ GB Glover. ʻO nā ʻāpana kālā Pākē, Annamese, Iapana, Korea, nā ʻāpana kālā i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he amulet o ke aupuni Kina a me nā memo pilikino. (Noronha and Co Hongkong, 1895).

+ Lemire. ʻO nā hana kahiko a me nā mea hou a me nā hoʻomana o Indochina (Paris, Challamel). Ua hana ʻia ka ʻaha kūkā ma ka lā 29 o Dekemaba ma ka Sociéte francaise des Ingénieurs coloniaux.
+ Désiré Lacroix. Nā helu helu Annamese, 1900.
+ Pouchat. ʻoihana Joss-sticks ma Tonquin, ma Revue Indochinoise, 1910–1911.

+ Cordier. Ma ka annamese art, ma Revue Indochinoise, 1912.
+ ʻO Marcel Bernanose. Nā mea hana kiʻi ma Tonquin (Decoration of metal, Jewellers), ma Revue Indochinoise, Ns 20, Iulai–Dekemaba 1913, p. 279–290.
+ A. Barbotin. ʻOihana puhi ahi ma Tonquin, ma Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, Kepakemapa–ʻOkakopa 1913.

+ R. Orband. Nā keleawe kiʻi o Minh Mạng, ma BAVH, 1914.
+ L. Cadière. Noi ma Huế, ma BAVH, 1919.
+ M. Bernanose. Nā mea hoʻonaninani ma Tonquin, Parisa, 1922.
+ C. Gravelle. ʻO Annamese art, ma BAVH, 1925.

+ ʻO Albert Durier. ʻO ka hoʻonani Annamese, Palika 1926.
+ Beaucarnot (Claude). ʻO nā mea ʻenehana seramika no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana seramika o nā kula kiʻi ma Indochina, Hanoi, 1930.
+ L Gilbert. ʻOihana ma Annam, ma BAVH, 1931.
+ Lemasson. ʻIke e pili ana i nā ʻano hana hānai iʻa ma ka delta tonquinese, 1993, p.707.

+ H. Gourdon. No Anam, Parisa, 1933.
+ Thân Trọng Khôi. ʻO nā huila hāpai o Quảng Nam a me nā hoe norias o Thừa Thiên, 1935, p. 349.
+ Guilleminet. Norias o Quảng Ngãi, ma BAVH, 1926.
+ Guilleminet. ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau kumu Soya i ka ʻai a Annamese, ma Bulletin économique de l'Indochine, 1935.
+ L. Feunteun. ʻO ka paʻi ʻana o nā hua ʻiʻo ma Cochinchina, ma Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, 1935, p. 231.

[214]

+ Rudolf P. Hummel. Kina ma ka hana, 1937.
+ Aloha, Nā mea hana a nā mea hana hana Annamese, ma BEFEO, 1937.
+ RPY Laubie. Kiʻi kaulana ma Tonquin, ma BAVH, 1931.
+ P. Gourou. ʻOihana kauhale ma ka delta Tonquinese, International congress of Geography, 1938.

+ P. Gourou. Laau anise pake ma Tonquin (communiqué of agricultural services in Tonquin), 1938, p. 966.
+ Ch. Crevost. Nā kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā papa hana ma Tonquin, 1939.
+ G. de Coral Remusat. Nā kiʻi Annamese, nā kiʻi Moslem, ma Extreme-Orient, Paris, 1939.
+ Nguyễn Văn Tố. He helehelena kanaka ma ka annamese art, ma CEFEO, N°18, 1^st ka makahiki 1939.

+ Henri Bouchon. Nā papa hana ʻōiwi a me nā hana hoʻohui, ma Indochine, 26 sept. 1940.
+ X… — Charles Crevost. He mea animator o ka papa hana tonquinese, ma Indochine, Iune 15, 1944.
+ Công nghệ thiệt hành (nā ʻoihana hana), ma Revue de Vulgarisation, Saigon, 1940.
+ Passignat. Na haku-Iacquerers o Hanoi, ma Indochine Feberuari 6, 1941.

+ Passignat. Laau, ma Indochine, Dec. 25, 1941.
+ Passignat. niho, ma Indochine, Ianuali 15, 1942.
+ Maluhia (R.) He hana kuʻuna Annamese: ʻoki lāʻau, ma Indochine, Oct. 1st, 1942.
+ Nguyễn Xuân Nghi alias Từ Lâm, Lược khảo mỹ thuật Việt Nam (Outline of Vietnamese Art), Hanoi, Thuỵ-ký hale paʻi, 1942.

+ L. Bezacier. Essay on Annamese art, Hanoi, 1944.
+ Paul Boudet. pepa Annamese, ma Indochine, Jan. 27 a Feb. 17, 1944.
+ Mạnh Quỳnh. ʻO ke kumu a me ka hōʻailona o nā ʻoki lāʻau kaulana o Tet, ma Indochine, Feb. 10, 1945.
+ ʻO Crevost a me Petelot. Catalog o nā huahana o Indochina, tome VI. ʻO nā tannins a me nā tinctorial (1941). [Hāʻawi ʻia nā inoa Vietnamese o nā huahana].

+ Augate Chevalier. ʻO ka papa helu mua o nā lāʻau a me nā mea ulu lāʻau ʻē aʻe o Tonquin, Hanoi, Ideo, 1919. (Hāʻawi ʻia nā inoa Vietnam).
+ Lecomte. ʻO ka ululāʻau o Indochina, Agence Economique de l'Indochine, Paris, 1926.
+ R. Bulteau. Nā memo no ka hana ʻana i nā ipu lepo ma ka ʻāina ʻo Bình Định, ma BAVH, 1927, p. 149 a me 184 (loaʻa kahi papa inoa maikaʻi o nā ipu lepo like ʻole o Bīnh Định a me ko lākou mau kiʻi a me ko lākou mau inoa kūloko).
+ Despierres. Pākē abacus, ma Sud-Est, 1951.

noka :
◊ Kumu: ʻO Connaisance du Vietnam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Hoʻoponopono hou 'ia 3 Edition 1998, ʻO Palapala ʻIla Kūʻai Nui, École Française DʻExtrême-Orient, Hanoi - Unuhi ʻia e VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
◊ Poʻomanaʻo poʻo, kiʻi sepia hōʻike ʻia a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻōlelo a pau e Ban Tu Thu - ma kahi o ka mea

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