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HE HĀʻE WELI i lawe ai ʻo Farani i Vietnam ma 1857? - Pauku 2

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III. KA WAHALAHA MA KỲ HÒA1861-1862)

mahope iho o ka Hāʻule o Beijing a me ka pau ana o ʻO ke Kaua ʻOpium i Kina, ke aupuni o Farani o Emperor Napoleon III (1808-1873)^[19]ua hoʻoholo e hoʻomau i kalʻexpédition de Cochinchine"A i ʻole ka peʻe ʻana i ka Hema o Vietnam. Ma Pepeluali 1861, ma lalo o ke kauoha mana nui o ka Palani Adamu Lāonard Charner (1797-1869)^[20], ka neʻe ʻana o nā pūʻali koa Farani ma Far East, ua neʻe ʻia i Saigon, a ʻo ka nui o nā mea koa i mākaukau ma ka kahua kaua Kina. Wahi a ka luna Farani ʻO Léopold Pallu de la Barrière (1828-1891)^[21], ko lākou mau koa no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā Southern Vietnam ma^[22]:

ʻ textlelo Pelekane Pelekane:

“… En 70 mau koa navires de guerre, ʻaʻole he 14 ka voiles a me 56 a vapeur. Sept navires loués a la Compagnie péninsulaire et orientale servaient a assurer les komunikasi sur une si grande étendue de côtes. 4 limahana-généraux, 13 capitaines de vaisseau, 22 capitaines de frégate, 95 lieutenans de vaisseau, 105 mau ʻĀina, nā kaiāulu 100 aspirans, 100 médecins, 100 officiers dʻadministration, 8,000 marins, composaient le personnel. Lʻartillerie s'élevait à 474 bouches a feu, la force nominale des machine à 7,866 chevaux-vapeur… ”

Unuhi Pelekania:

“… He 70 ka nui o nā moku kaua, he 14 o lākou e holo moku ana a he 56 he mau mokuahi. ʻEhiku mau moku i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka Peninsular a me ka East Company i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kamaʻilio ma ke kaha ākea o ke kahakai. 4 mau luna nui, 13 mau kāpena moku, 22 kapena o frigates, 95 mau lutanela o nā moku, 105 mau hōʻailona, e pili ana i 100 mau ʻelele, 100 mau kauka, 100 nā luna hoʻomalu, 8,000 mau luina, i haku i nā limahana. ʻO 474 mau pū ka pū, ka mana koho o nā mīkini horsepower 7,866… “

ʻAʻole i like me ka makahiki o 1858, me 14 mau mau kaua kaua ʻana no Farani no ka hoʻouka ʻana iā Tourane. I ka makahiki 1861, aia nō he 70 mau kaua kaua ma nā ʻano a pau i komo i ka Poʻokela Cochinchina. ʻO kekahi mau mea hoʻāla a ka poʻe Farani i hana maoli ʻia a ʻoi loa hoʻi ma mua o ka poʻe Vietnamese i kēlā manawa, no ka laʻana, ka ʻO Frigate la Persévérante, ua lako pū me nā mea hana he 60 i hiki a me nā pūʻali he 513 manpower^[23]^[24].

Eia hou kekahi, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Farani ma mua o 600 mole kanikele a me nā konohiki ka mea e makemake e kaua ma lalo o ka hae o ka Aupuni Farani ʻelua^[27].

Eia ke oki, ka lā o ka pōʻino ua hiki mai i 24 Pepeluali 1861 i ka Kaua o ke Kỳ Hòa^[28], i ka manawa a pau o nā laina pale pale Vietnam i kūkulu ai a puni ʻo Saigon no ʻelua mau makahiki ma hope iho i hōʻiholo ʻia ma lalo o ka hoʻouka ʻana o 4,000 a 5,000 mau pūʻali koa Farani me ke kōkua o nā haneli mea ʻala a me nā kaua 50.^[29]. ^ E Ha yM. He kaua koko maoli ia no nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. ʻO ka lā mua o ke kaua i hoʻoili i ka Palani a me ka Spanish 6 ua make a 30 i hōʻeha ʻia^[30]. ^ E Ha yM. I waena o ka poʻe i hōʻeha ʻia, ʻo nā luna kiʻekiʻe e like me ka palani Farani ʻO General Élie de Vassoigne (1811-1891)^[31]me Sepania Kolonela Carlos Palanca Gutierrez (1819-1876)^[32]. ^ E Ha yM. I ka lā aʻe, ua ʻike ka luku ʻana i ka laina pale pale o K line Hòa, me ka poʻe make o nā koa koa French he 12 a me nā hana koa, aʻo 225 ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea make Vietnamese ma kahi o 1,000 a make a hōʻeha ʻia, e komo pū ana ʻO Marshal Nguyễn Tri Phương.

E like me ke kaʻe wai ma hope o ka uhai ʻana o ka umauma, hoʻokahi hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o ka Hōʻī o Kỳ Hòa (Pepeluali 1861 - Pepeluali 1862), nā kūlanakauhale āpau āpau o Gia Định, Ườnh Tường a ʻO Biên Hôa a mahope iho, i lalaliia e na puali Franco-Spanish. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo Farani i kahi ʻōnaehana o nā "mobile post" i nā wahi i noho ʻia, me nā moku liʻiliʻi a me nā mea liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā hoʻouka kaua e like me ka "canonnière"(mau pu puʻu) ^[34], ka "canonnière chaloupe"(nui pu ka pu) a me ke ʻano koa o ke "Portugese"lorchas"^[35]. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia lākou i ka ʻāina a me nā muliwai ma Southern Vietnam. ʻO ka laʻana, ma 1861–1862 ka Farani Hoʻolāʻau lʻAlarme Noho ma ka muliwai Vaico (ʻO Vàm Cỏ) ^[36], no ka mālama ʻana i ka pale mai Tây Ninh i Long An.

ʻOiai ua hoʻi iki ʻo Nguyễn Dynasty i nā ʻano piʻipiʻi, he nui ʻO nā māka Vietnam a me militias ala a kū kūʻē kū i ka pūʻali Farani ma nā wahi āpau. ʻO ke alakaʻi nui o ka Vietnam aliʻi nui i kēlā manawa Ilamuku Trương Định (定, 1820-1864)^[38]. ^ E Ha yM. Ma lalo o ka hae o ka Marshal Trương Định, he mau pūʻali koa kaulana e like me nā Nguyễn Trung Trực (忠直, 1838-1868) kaua ikaika i ka Farani^[39]. ^ E Ha yM. I Dekemaba 1861, ua luku ʻia kāna mau pūʻali koa a me ia iho ʻo ia iho i ka pūʻali koa kaua o ka Wīwī lʻEspérance ma Nhựt Tảo River, kahi hanana i haʻi ʻia i nā ola o nā pūʻali koa 17 a me Tagal a me 20 mau hoa hana Vietnam. I ka 1862, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana ma nā pūʻali limahana o ka Franco-Spanish, i ka wā nā ʻano ʻōpala a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i ola ai i na ola o kekahi mau haneli. ʻO nā wahi mai ʻO Gô Công i ʻO Cần Giờ a laila hoʻokuʻu ʻia i lilo a lilo i mau kumu guerrilla ikaika ma Southern Vietnam.

**IV. MALU KIEKIE O SAIGON (5 IUNI 1862): KA 'O "MAUKU I KA PANA" O VIETNAMESE E LOA ANA**

I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mōʻī Royal o Nguyễn ʻO aupuni ma lalo o ka noho aliʻi ʻana o Emepera Tự Đức (德, 1829-1883)^[41]Ua hoʻohīhoihoi loa ʻia ka lohe ʻana i nā lono hewa a pau e pili ana i ka hāʻule ʻana o Kỳ Hòa, ka Hōʻalo o Gia Định, Định Tường a me nā kūlanakauhale kūleʻa ʻo Biên Hòa. No laila, i ka makahiki 1861 a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 1862, ua hana ka ʻaha aliʻi a i kekahi mau pilina a ua kūkākūkā me ka Wīwī no ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi “Kuikahi Maluhia” (?)

ʻAʻole maopopo loa ka Emepela e pili ana i ke kūlana o nā pūʻali koa Farani ma Cochinchina, ka mea e hoʻopiʻi nui ana i nā hōʻeha kiʻekiʻe mai nā koa guerrilla Vietnamese a me nā maʻi maʻi a me nā maʻi. Eia nō hoʻi, ia manawa i ka ʻO ke kaua Farani ma Mekiko (1861-1867) ua hanana^[42]. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ke kahua kaua o Mexico ka "quagmire", ka mea i kūʻai aku i nā poʻe Farani a ʻoi loa ke lilo i mea mua o Napoleon III no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā mea hou aku, ʻaʻole ka Cochinchina.

Kekahi mau mandarins o Nguyễn Ua hōʻike ʻo Dynasty i ka Emepela e pili ana i ke kūlana maoli. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻoholo ka Emepera e kau inoa i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Peace Peace" me nā pūʻali koa Farani a me ʻEdipola i Saigon, ma 5 Iune 1862. Hoʻouna ʻo ia i nā mandarins kiʻekiʻe. Phan Thanh Giản (簡; 1796–1867) a me ka Lâm Duy Hiệp (浹, 1806-1863) no ka haina o ke kuʻikahi^[44]^[45].

Wahi a ke kuikahi, ʻo nā kolu ʻekolu o Gia Định, ʻo Định Tường a me Biên Hòa ma hope mai i ka Pelekane! Eia hou, ka Paukū 9 o keia kuikahi pili ana i hui pū ʻia me nā pūʻali Franco-Vietnamese e hopu i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "pirates"A me"nā meaʻaihue”Ma Cochinchina^[47]! ʻO ka mea maopopo loa, ʻo ia nā alakaʻi āpau o Vietnamese ma Southern Vietnam e like me Trương Định, Nguyễn Trung Trực, Võ Duy Dương ... ʻaʻole i hāʻule i kā lākou mau mea kaua hiki ke kapa ʻia he "pirates" a me "bandits", nā manawa a pau a nā poʻe Farani i makemake ai, he kuleana ke o ka Nguyễn Dynasty i mea e koi aku iā lākou e haʻalele!

No laila, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kuʻikahi o Saigon ma 1862 he pu e eha ana ma ke kua o na koa Vietnamese. Ma hope iho, hakakā lāua me ke kaʻa kūʻokoʻa, me ke ʻole o ke kōkua ʻana o ka Dinuy Nguyễn (hiki ke hopu ʻia lākou a hoʻouna ʻia i ka mana o Farani inā pono). Mai ia manawa mai, ua lilo ʻo Kaʻōmaʻomaʻo Nguyễn i lilo ka mea hoʻopunipuni kaulana i ka lāhui Vietnam! I kēlā manawa, loaʻa i ka poʻe kānaka i loko o Southern Vietnam kekahi ʻōlelo kākela kaulana:

“Phan, Lâm mãi quốc; triều đình khi dân. " (Phan [Thanh Giản] a me Lâm [Duy Hiệp] i kūʻai aku i ka ʻāina; ʻaʻole mālama ka ʻaha i nā kānaka)

ʻOiai ʻo ka paʻakikī mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua a ʻo Palani a me ka ʻAha Aliʻi, Marshal Trương Định ua haʻi ʻo ia e hakakā me nā puʻali hoʻopio a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola! I ka makahiki 1863, ʻo Farani Laeono ʻAmelika Louis Aldophe (1805-1867)^[49]no hoi hoʻouna iā Trương Định a Palapala a Ultimatum. ^ E Ha yM. Eia naʻe, ʻōlelo pane maikaʻi ʻo Trương Định i ka palapala a ka ʻAmelika Pelekane ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana:

"Triều đình Huế không nhìn nhận chúng ta, nhưng chúng ta cứ bảo vệ Tổ quốc chúng ta." (ʻAʻole i ʻike ka Mōʻī i Huế i ko mākou neʻe ʻana, akā e paio aku ana nō mākou no ka Lede.)

A hoʻomau ʻo ia i ke kaua kaua a hiki i kona make ʻana i ka makahiki 1864.

V. HUI KUPII

ka "Maluhia Aupuni"Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ʻae ai i ka poʻe Farani e noho maikaʻi ana, ʻo ia ka mea i lanakila ma hope! A ua lilo hoʻi nā poʻe kipi i kū mai Vietnamese a lilo i "kipi" a me "bandits" e like me nā ʻōlelo o kēia Kuʻikahi! Ma ke kau inoa ʻO ke Kuʻikahi o Saigon, ua lilo kekahi kūʻokoʻa o ka Vietnam kūleʻa i ka lua o ka Aupuni Farani. Ma ka mōʻaukala Vietnamese, ʻo ia kekahi o ia ka mea ʻike nui loa a me nā mea hoʻowalewale hoʻi i hana ʻia e kahi aupuni Vietnamese.

Ma ia hope aʻe, ua noho ka Aha Kiʻi o Nguyễn Hoʻomau ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana o Dynasty i kekahi mau kuʻikahi, e like me ke Kuʻikahi o 1874 a i ʻole Na Kuikahi Ekahi o Saigon^[51], ka mea i 'ike ai i ke koena he ʻekolu mau mokuna o Southern Vietnam (He Giang, Vĩnh Long a me Hà Tiên) ma lalo o ka noho aliʻi Farani. I ka hopena, ʻo ka Maluna o Huế i ka makahiki 1884 ua lilo 'o Vietnam i "Protectorate French".

Ma waho aʻe o nā hana hoʻopunipuni a me ka hiki ʻole o ka ʻAha Aliʻi, ʻo nā kumu ʻē aʻe i alakaʻi ʻia ai ke kūʻokoʻa o ka kūʻokoʻa o Vietnam:

ka "hoahana": Ua hana nui ka poʻe Vietnamese no ka mana o Farani ma lalo o nā mercenaries, e like me ka" Mã Tà "(Pepehi kanaka). I nā poʻe Kina i Saigon, ʻo ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana o ka palani iā Cochinchina i lawe mai iā lākou i nā pōmaikaʻi ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hana ʻana o lākou me ka "mana hou" (I ka ʻokoʻa ʻana, ua hui ikaika nā kaiāulu o Sino-Vietnamese ma Rạch Giá Province a me Phú Quốc Island i ka neʻe ʻana i ka neʻe kū kaua o Nguyễn Trung Trực i ka makahiki 1868).
ʻO ka mea maoli ʻO nā hui Vietnamine: Mai 1862 a 1865, ka haunaele o Tạ Văn Phụng (文奉,? -1865)^[52], he mea kālepa Vietnamese nāna i hana no nā koa naʻauao o ka palani Farani, i hoʻopiʻi ʻia i nā lā lehulehu i ka Mōʻī Royal. Ua kākoʻo ʻia lākou e ka pūʻali nui o ka nui o nā moku ʻa Kina a me nā pūʻali o ka moku ʻo Quảng Ninh. I ka makahiki 1865, ua hoʻopio ʻia ʻo Phụng a make ʻia ʻo Huế.
ka Kipi wahine Kina: Mai ka makahiki 1870, ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka Northern Vietnam e ka tausani mau hui Kina mai ka Black Flag Army a me ka hae hae hae ʻEleka^[53], ia manawa i hala na koa o na Hōʻike ʻana ʻo Taipingma Kina^[54].
ka nā hakakā ma waena o nā Katolika Vietnamese a Nā ʻuclelo Confucianist Vietnamese: I ka makahiki 1874, ua hōʻino ka poʻe Confucianist ma Central Vietnam no nā Katolika Vietnamese no ka hui ʻana a a me ka nalowale o Vietnam Heri i nā pūʻali Farani. No laila, ua ala ka haunaele me ka moʻo ʻana o ka"ʻO Bình Tây Sát Tả!" (Pacify i ka Farani, luku i ka Heresies!)^[55]. ^ E Ha yM. Ua lilo ia i kaua kaua ma Central Vietnam, kahi i kau ai ka ʻāina i kahi hohonu i loko o ke kūlana haunaele. (ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole nā Katolika Vietnamese nā mea hoʻopunipuni. Ua hui pū kekahi mau Katolika Vietnamese me ka poʻe Farani, a ʻo kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe kekahi i pale ʻole a lawelawe i ka Emepera, e like me Nguyễn Trường Tộ (ʻ, 1830-1871)^[56], nāna i hoʻouna aku i ka Emepera i kāna hoʻolālā e hana hou i ka Southern Vietnam i ka wā ʻO ke Kauaʻi Franco-Prusia^[57]).

Ke nānā nei i nā wā i hala, hiki iā mākou ke aʻo i nā haʻawina he nui no kēia lā: I mea e mālama ai i ke kūʻokoʻa a me ke kūʻokoʻa, Pono Vietnam kahi ʻāina paʻa a paʻa hoʻi, ʻaʻole i hoʻowahāwahā ke aupuni i ka makemake o nā kānaka, a pono e hui pū ʻia nā kānaka e like me ka mua, e mahalo i nā kānāwai a me nā hoʻoponopono a me ka hoʻokō pono i kā lākou hana.

Eia hou, mahalo nui no ka heluhelu ʻana a ke manaʻo nei e ʻoluʻolu kēia pane i kāu nīnau!

Ke aloha.

Nāʻaoʻao hemahema

[19] Napoleon III - Wikipedia

[20] ʻO Léonard Charner - Wikipedia

[21] Léopold Pallu de la Barrière - Wikipédia

[22] La campagne de 1861 en Cochinchine

[23] Frégates à voiles de 1ze kani

[24] 120 nā kāpuni - Trois-Ponts!

[25] Saïgon: stock flottant

[26] ILLUSTRATION 19-01-1867

[27] ʻO Histoire contemporaine comprenant les principaux événements qui se sont accomplis depuis la révolution de 1830 jusqu'à nos jours et résumant, durant la mēme période, le mouvement social, artistique et littéraire