Ka Papa ʻāina o nā ʻIli Kūʻai

KA MANA O KE KAHIKOLO NO KA HANA VIETNAM

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AN DƯƠNG VƯƠNG (257 BC-179 BC, 78 makahiki)

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     AN DƯƠNG VƯƠNG (257 BC-179 BC, 78 makahiki) ka mōʻī a hoʻokahi wale nō aliʻi o ka aupuni o Âu Lạc, kahi mokuʻāina kahiko i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka Red Delta Delta. ʻOiai ke alakaʻi o ka ʻOhana Viu Vit, ua eo ka hope loa Ali Hng o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Văn Lang a hui pū i kona poʻe - ʻike ʻia ʻo ka Lạc Việt - me kona poʻe ka ʻU Việt. Holo akula kahi Dương Vương a pepehi kanaka ma hope o ke kaua me Nā pūʻali Nanyue i ka makahiki 179 TK

Kawaihae

Kinohi

       Tʻo ia nā antecedents o kēia kiʻi “ʻōpua”ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻike wale nō i hāʻawi ʻia e nā moʻolelo i kākau ʻia kona inoa, i ʻike ʻia e hoʻopili iā ia me ka kūlana kahiko o Shu i ka mea i kēia manawa Sichuan, naʻi ʻia e Qin moʻopuna i ka makahiki 316 TK1,2 ʻO kēia nō hoʻi ka ʻike kuʻuna o Pākē a ʻO nā mea mōʻaukala Vietnamese. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau pilikia kūlohelohe i ka ʻae ʻana i kēia kuʻuna kuʻuna.3 Nui nā moʻolelo e pili pū ana Nā moʻolelo o nā panalāʻau o nā ʻāina ʻo Jiao,4 Đại Việt sử lược, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia nō Shu aliʻi (ms. “蜀 王 子”, hua ʻōlelo maoli: “keiki a ke aliʻi Shu"), Akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke wehewehe kikoʻī i kāna kumu. Ma hope ua ʻike nui ʻia ka nuanced. I loko o Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục, ua kanalua nā mea kākau Ke kumu o King An Dương Vương, ke koi nei he hiki ʻole no a Shu aliʻi e hele i nā mile he mau mile, ma waena o nā ululāʻau, nā mokuʻāina he nui e lele kaua ʻO Văn Lang.5 I ka makahiki 1963, kahi kuʻuna waha o Kālepa Tày in E like me ke kiʻekiʻe o kapaʻia "Cẩu chủa cheng vùa”I hoʻopaʻa ʻia. 1,6 Wahi a kēia waihona, i ka pau ʻana o ʻO ka moʻokūʻauhau ʻo Hồng Bàng, he aupuni i kapa ʻia Nam Cương (lit. “palena hema") I kēia mau lā E like me ke kiʻekiʻe o a ʻo Guangxi.1 Loaʻa iā ia he 10 mau ʻāina, kahi i noho ai ka Mōʻī ma ke kikowaena (kēia ʻāina ʻo Cao Bằng i kēia lā). ʻO nā moku ʻeiwa ʻē aʻe i lalo o ka hoʻomalu a nā haku ʻeiwa.7 oiai ʻO ka makuakāne o King An Dương Vương (ʻO Chụ Chế Died 制) ua make, he keiki nō naʻe ia; Eia naʻe, ua hiki i kona ʻike iā ia ke mālama i ka noho aliʻi a hāʻawi pio nā haku āpau. Nam Cương ua lilo i ikaika a ikaika loa i ka wā ʻO Văn Lang lilo i nāwaliwali.1,6 Ma hope mai, ua hoʻouka ʻo ia ʻO Văn Lang a hoʻokumu i ka mokuʻāina o Âu Lạc. Kākoʻo ʻia ka moʻolelo e nā lole komo, nā relics a me nā inoa wahi ma Panalāʻau ʻo Cao Bằng. ʻO ke kuhi e pili ana i kona kumu ma ke ʻano he kamaʻāina kūloko i hōʻike ʻia i nā moʻolelo kaʻao, nā papa inoa, nā hoʻomana a me nā hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o ka poʻe.

Kumu o Âu Lạc

      Prior i ka Ka hoʻomalu ʻana o Kina ma ka ʻāina, ʻākau a ʻĀkau waena o Vietnam i noho aliʻi ʻia e Lạc aliʻi (Nā mōʻī) i lawelawe ʻia e Lạc hầu a Lạc tướng.8 Ma kahi o 257 BCE, ua hoʻohui ʻia lākou e ka Moku'āina ʻo Nam Cương, ka mea i noho ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Zuo muliwai, ke kiʻo wai hoʻoheheʻe o ʻO ʻoe ka muliwai a me ka ʻāpana o uka o Kahawai ʻo Lô, muliwai Gâm, a Ke kahawai ʻo Cầu.9,10 Ke alakaʻi o ka ʻU Việt, THỤC PHÁN, hoʻokahuli i ka hope loa Nā mōʻī, a hoʻohui 'ia nā aupuni' elua ma lalo o ka inoa o Âu Lạc, ke hoʻolaha nei iā ia iho Moi An Dương (ʻO ka Dương Vương).1

Kūkulu ʻana o Cổ Loa Citadel

     Kloa Ua hoʻokumu ʻo AN D establishedNG i ka kapikala o Âu Lạc in ʻO Tây Vu, kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai kahi hale paʻa paʻa, i ʻike ʻia e ka mōʻaukala ʻo Kổ Loa.11 ʻO ia ke kikowaena politika mua o ka ʻO ka lāhui Vietnamese ma mua o ka wā Sinitian,12 me kahi embankment o waho e uhi ana i 600 hectare,13,14 kekahi o nā pūnaewele hoʻonohonoho prehistoric nui loa o hikina Hema Asia.15 ʻO ka inoa “Kổ Loa' ʻO Sino-Vietnamese heluhelu o 螺 ( Pākē waena (ZS) kuoX-luɑ > Haina Kina: ʻO Luó), ma ka manaʻo maoli “Puʻupuʻu Kahiko". Wahi a Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thý, ua like ke ʻano o ka hale aliʻi me kahi puʻupuʻu.16 ke hōʻike nei i ka hale multi-layered o ka hale aliʻi me nā rampart concentric a me nā moats.17

       Tua hoʻomanaʻo ʻia nā hanana e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kēia hale aliʻi ʻano like me ka spiral i ka moʻolelo o ka honu gula. Wahi a kēia kaʻao, i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka hale aliʻi, ua hana pohihihi ʻia nā hana a pau i ke ao i ka pō e kahi hui o nā ʻuhane e ʻimi nei e hoʻopaʻi no ke keiki a ke aliʻi i hala.18 Ua alakaʻi ʻia nā ʻuhane kūloko e kahi moa keʻokeʻo hoʻokahi tausani makahiki e kau ana ma kahi kokoke mauna Tam Đảo. Puhi ka Mōʻī i ka mea ʻala, pule, a hoʻāla i nā akua e kōkua iā ia. I ka pane ʻana i kāna noi, ua kū koke mai kahi honu gula nunui mai ka wai mai, pio ka moa keʻokeʻo, a pale iā ia a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka hale aliʻi. I kona wā i hele aku ai, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i kekahi o kona mau māiʻuʻu a kauoha i ka Mōʻī e hoʻohana ia mea ma ke ʻano he kumu kihi o ke keʻa, me ka hōʻoia ʻana me ia e hiki ʻole ai ke lanakila.

       Kloa HE DƯƠNG i kauoha ʻia Cao Lỗ (a i ʻole Cao Thông) e kūkulu i ke keʻa a bapetizo ʻia ia “ʻO Saintly Crossbow o ke kuʻi gula mālamana kiʻekiʻe"(nỏ thần), kahi pana i hiki ke make i 300 mau kāne.8,18 Wahi a ka mea kākau moʻolelo KW Taylor, ke keʻa, me ka huaʻōlelo no ia, me he mea lā ua hoʻolauna ʻia i loko China mai Nā lāhui Austroasiatic ma ka hema i ke kenekulia ʻekolu a ʻehā paha BCE.18 Ua lilo koke ia i ʻāpana o ka Mea kaua Kina; Ua hiki i kāna ʻōnaehana hoʻonāukiuki ke kū i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi pua me ka ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o nā ʻano kakaka ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻeli ʻia nā ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe keleawe ʻelua i Vietnam; ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻano hana i hana ʻia i ka ʻohe.

Kaua me Nanyue

      In 204 TK, ma Panyu (I kēia manawa ʻo Guangzhou), ZHAO TUO, a ʻōiwi o Zhending,19,20 i ka mokuʻāina ʻo Zhao (Hebei), hoʻokumu i ka aupuni o Nanyue.21 TAYLOR (1983) i manaʻoʻiʻo i ka manawa i ka Nanyue a Âu Lạc noho pū ʻia, Âu Lạc no ka manawa i ʻae ʻia ka suzerainty o Nanyue, akā ma mua o ka manaʻo ʻana i kēlā Nanyue ua hoʻokau i kekahi mana maoli ma luna o lākou, ua hōʻike wale kēia i kā lākou kūʻē kūʻē kūʻē iā Han. E like me nā pilina maluhia me Han ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia, Ka mana o Nanyue maluna o Âu Lạc hāʻule. Ka pūʻali koa Zhao Tuo ua hana e kūʻē i ka Han ua loaʻa i kēia manawa e hoʻoili kūʻē i ka Âu Lạc.22

      Tʻaʻole kikoʻī ʻo ia i nā kikoʻī o ka hoʻouka kaua. Zhao Tuonā hopena mua a me ka lanakila e kūʻē i Moi An Dương i ʻōlelo ʻia i Nā moʻolelo o nā panalāʻau o nā ʻāina ʻo Jiao.4 Nā moʻolelo o ka Mea Mōʻaukala Nui ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻO King An Duong ʻaʻole hoʻi ʻO ko Zhao Tuo pūʻali koa lanakila iā Âu Lạc; ʻo ia wale nō ma hope Ka make ʻana o Empress Lü (180 BCE), ua hoʻohana ʻo ZHAO TUO i kāna pūʻali koa ponoʻī e hoʻoweliweli a hoʻohana i ka waiwai e uku i ka Nā lihilā, ka Ou Komohana, A me ka Luo i ka waiho.23 Eia naʻe, ua hoʻoulu ʻia kēia moʻoʻōlelo i kahi kaʻao nona ka poʻomanaʻo o ka hoʻolilo ʻia o ka manu kuhukukū mai loko mai o ka honu ʻO King An Duong i Zhao Tuo. Wahi a kēia kaʻao, ua hāʻawi ka ʻāpana o ke keʻa i ka mana politika.ʻO ka mea hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i kēia keʻa ke aliʻi o ke aupuni; ʻo ka mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻa i kēia keʻa, e make ia. "24,25,26

       UUa kūleʻa i ke kahua kaua, ua noi ʻo ZHAO TUO i kahi hoʻomaha a hoʻouna i kāna keiki ʻO Zhong Shi waiho aku i Moi An Dương e lawelawe iā ia.27,25 Ma laila, ʻo ia a Ke kaikamahine a King An Duong, MỴ CHÂU, aloha aloha a male ʻia.25,28 Ua koi ʻia kahi kapa komo o ka hui matrilocal i ke kāne e noho i ka hale o ka ʻohana o kāna wahine.29 A ʻo kahi hopena, noho lākou ma ʻO ka ʻaha o Duong a hiki i ʻO Zhong Shi mālama ʻia e ʻike i nā mea huna a nā papahana o King An Dương.29 ia manawa, King HE DUONG i mālama ʻia Cao Lỗ me ka mahalo ʻole, a haʻalele iā ia.30

       ZHONG SHI i Mỵ Châu e hōʻike iā ia i ke keʻa kapu, me ka manawa i hoʻololi malū ʻo ia i kāna mea hoʻoheheʻe, hoʻonele ʻana i kāna mau mana kūikawā a hoʻolilo ia i mea ʻole.28 No laila ua noi ʻo ia e hoʻi i kona makuakāne, nāna i hoʻouka hou i kahi hoʻouka kaua hou Âu Lạc a ua eo kēia manawa Moi An Dương.29 Kākau ka mōʻaukala, i kona eo ʻana, ua lele ka Mōʻī i ke kai e hoʻomake i kona ola. I kekahi mana, haʻi ʻia ʻo ia e ka honu e pili ana i ka kumakaia a kāna kaikamahine a pepehi i kāna kaikamahine no kāna hana hoʻopunipuni ma mua o ka make ʻana iā ia iho. Hōʻike ka moʻolelo naʻe, ua puka aʻe kahi kuhukukui gula mai ka wai a alakaʻi iā ia i loko o ka ʻāina wai.25 Aia kekahi kuʻuna i holo aku ʻo King i ka hema a i kēia mau lā Nghệ An Panalāʻau, ke kūkulu ʻana i hale aliʻi hou a noho aliʻi a hiki i kona make ʻana.31

        From nā mea i loaʻa i ka archaeological o Kổ Loa, he mea hiki ke ʻenehana ʻenehana mai ka Nā Aupuni Kauoha ua hoʻoili ʻia i ka ʻāina me kahi ʻano o nā mea kaua e like me nā pūʻali koa o kēia wā China, ke kuhi nei i ke ʻano o ke keʻa keu.pūʻali koa hiʻohiʻona hou”Hoʻomaʻamaʻa a kauoha ʻia e ʻO Cao Thông, ʻo ia hoʻipau ka pono”Me kāna ʻōlelo aʻo ʻole.32

Ka ho'oilina

     Vnā mea kākau moʻolelo ietnamese ʻike maʻamau i nā hanana nui o kēia au me ke aʻa i ka mōʻaukala. Eia naʻe ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka wehewehe a me ka hoʻolaulea ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o ka wā, a i kekahi manawa kūʻē i ka ka mōʻaukala o ka wehewehe ʻana o Soviet i ka mōʻaukala.33 ka kapikala o King An Dương, CỔ LOA, ke kikowaena politika mua o ka ʻO ka lāhui Vietnamese ma mua o ka wā Sinitian.12 Aia i loko o ka pūnaewele he ʻelua set o waho o nā ramparts a me kahi hale paʻa ma loko, o ke ʻano huinahā. Aia nā moats i kahi o nā kahawai, me nā Ka muliwai ʻo Hoang Giang a me kahi pūnaewele o nā loko i hāʻawi ʻia Kổ Loa me ka pale a me ka hoʻokele.34 Kim kuhi ʻia ka heluna kanaka o Co Loa mai 5,000 paha a puni 10,000 poʻe.35

E hoʻomaopopo '

  1. TAYLOR 1983, s. 19.
  2. TERRY F. KLEEMAN 1998, p. 24.
  3. O'HARROW 1979, p. 148.
  4. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma 'Lelo a Li Daoyuan i ka Kūlana Wai, Vol. 37
  5. Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (欽 定 越 史 通 鑑 綱 目)
  6. ĐÀO DUY ANH 2016, p. 30.
  7. ĐÀO DUY ANH 2016, p. 29.
  8. KELLEY 2014, p. 88.
  9. ĐÀO DUY ANH 2016, p. 31.
  10. DEMATÈ 2015, p. 622-624.
  11. TAYLOR 2013, s. 14.
  12. MIKSIC & YIAN 2016, p. 111.
  13. MIKSIC & YIAN 2016, p. 156.
  14. KIM, LAI & TRINH 2010, s. 1013.
  15. KIM 2020, p. 231.
  16. NGÔ SĨ LIÊN et al., Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thý "ʻO ka Dương Vương”Puanaʻī:“ 王 於 是 築 城 于 越 裳 ， 廣 千 丈 ， 盤 旋 如 螺 形 故 號 螺 城 ”tr:“A laila kūkulu ka Mō'ī i hale kūloko ma Việt Thường, hoʻokahi tausani-zhàng ākea, e ʻōwili ana a e ʻōwili ʻana e like me ke ʻano o kahi ʻoka. No laila, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Conch Citadel. "
  17. KIERNAN, BEN (2017). ʻO Việt Nam: kahi moʻolelo mai ka wā mua a hiki i kēia manawa. Hale Paʻi Kula ʻo Oxford. p. 34.
  18. TAYLOR 1983, s. 21.
  19. WATSON 1961, p. 239.
  20. YU 1986, p. 451–452.
  21. LOEWE 1986, s. 128.
  22. TAYLOR 1983, s. 24.
  23. WATSON 1961, p. 241.
  24. NAM C. KIM 2015, p. 5.
  25. TAYLOR 1983, s. 25.
  26. GEORGE E. DUTTON 2006, s. 70.
  27. LEEMING 2001, s. 193.
  28. KELLEY 2014, p. 89.
  29. TAYLOR 2013, s. 15.
  30. TAYLOR 2013, s. 16.
  31. TAYLOR 1983, s. 317.
  32. TAYLOR 2013, pp. 16-17.
  33. PATRICIA M. PELLEY - Vietnam Postcolonial: Nā Mōʻaukala Hou o ka National Past - ʻAoʻao 50 2002 “ka mea i hilinaʻi nui aʻe i ka hana a Lenin - ʻo Trần Quốc Vượng, Hà Văn Tấn, a me Phan Huy Lê - ka mea i paʻi i ʻelua mau ʻaoʻao hoʻokolohua ʻana, Primism Communism a me The History of Feudalism, kahi a lākou e ʻike ai i ka… .. komunism primitive i ka feudalism. Hoʻoulu ʻia e nā ʻōlelo a Lenin e pili ana i nā ʻāina Slavic, ua koi ikaika ka poʻe kākau moʻolelo ma ke kula nui e hoʻomaka me nā aliʻi Hùng a me ke aupuni o Văn Lang… ʻO ka hana Kina (mai ka makahiki 2879 BC a i ka 43 AD, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻōlelo Vietnamese i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka komunism primitive "
  34. HIGHAM 1996, p. 122.
  35. KIM 2015, p. 219-220.

ʻia ....................

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