ʻO CHỮ NÔM a i ʻole Hōʻike Manaʻo Vietnamese a me kāna mau ʻāpana i ke kau ʻana ma Vietnamese - Pauku 3

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Nguyễn Khắc Kham

… E hoʻomau ʻia no ka ʻāpana 2:

II. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano Kina i hui pū ʻia no ka hōʻike ʻana i Chữ nôm

    I ka manawa ʻaʻole hiki i kahi ʻano Kina hoʻokahi ke hōʻike i kahi ChU ʻO Nôm me kāna heluhelu ʻānela-Vietnamese a i ʻole nā ​​pane like ʻole o kāna heluhelu Sino-Vietnamese, ʻelua mau mea Kina i hoʻohana ʻia, hoʻokahi e lilo ana, ʻo kekahi e like me ka phonetic.

   Ua koho ʻia ke koho o ka ʻano haole ma ke ʻano he phonetic i luna o nā kānāwai he ʻumikumamālua i hāʻawi ʻia e luna He ka Nge kaC Chen e pili ana i nā mea kani kani. E like me ko ka inoa, hana ia ma ke ʻano he mea China a he radical Kino paha.

Ex .: + Manaʻo ʻano 𠀧 (ba, ʻekolu) hana ʻia a phonetic -bar (heluhelu ba) a me ke ʻano ka manaʻo ʻekolu.
+ ʻAno Nôm 𢬣 ('O ia, lima) make ʻia mai o ka inoa Poloa (lima) a me ka phonetic oo (heluhelu ʻākea). 
+ ʻAno Nôm 啉 (trăm, haneri) make ʻia mai o ka inoa 百 (haneri) a me ka phonetic 林 (heluhelu nahelehele). 
+ ʻAno Nôm 𪡔 (ra, e puka i waho) hana ʻia a phonetic 出 (heluhelu la) a me ke kiko (e puka i waho).

     Hōʻike kēia mau hoʻohālike ʻaʻole i kahi kūlana paʻa. Ma ke kumu, ua kau ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema. Pēlā nō ka hana ma luna o ke kumu ʻelua. Eia nō naʻe, no ke kumu o ka esthetics, hiki i ke hoʻololi ke hoʻololi i kona kūlana.

    Pēlā e kau ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau ma ka hōʻike mua, ma ka ʻaoʻao ma luna a i lalo a i lalo ma ka hapa ʻehā. I kēia mea hope loa, mau no ke kumu like, hiki nō ke waiho ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau ma lalo mai. Ma ka hihia e haku ʻia e kekahi o ka 214 nā mea keu o ka ʻXlelo Kina, ua like kona kūlana me ka mea like me ka mea maʻamau o ke ʻano he polical i loko o ka moʻo China i hopohopo.

Ex .: + Manaʻo ʻano 吶 Nōi (e olelo) kahi o ka ʻōhuwale waha ma ka ʻaoʻao hema.
+ ʻAno Nôm 𩾷 quhe (manuahi, gag) kahi o ka ʻōhuwale 鳥 ma ka aoao akau. 
+ ʻAno Nôm 𥵛 nong (ʻōpala, hīnaʻi lanakila lanakila) kahi o ka ʻōhuwale 竹 aia ma luna pono. 
+ ʻAno Nôm 峼lōng (hui, puʻuwai) kahi o ka ʻōhuwale He naʻauAia i lalo.²¹

    ʻAʻohe naʻe, i kekahi ChU ʻO Nôm ua hana ʻia i ʻelua mauʻano Kina i hui pū ʻia, ʻelua mau mea i hōʻike ʻia i ke ʻano. A mākia mākou ChU ʻO Nôm. Pēlā ka morpema Vietnamese gie kai or tre kai (lani, lani) ka mea o ka ChU ʻO Nôm 𡗶, he mea hui pono i nā huaʻōlelo China ʻelua lā a Ma luna. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻohe wahi lōʻihi loa ʻole ka hilahila ma ka haʻi ʻana.²²

    kekahi Chữ Nôm hiki paha i kekahi mea mai ke ChU Nā hua waina a i ʻole kahi mana China a me ka heluhelu ʻana i kahi Sino-Vietnamese a me kahi hoʻohui phonetic mai ChU ʻO Nôm. Pēlā ka morpema Vietnamese le kai (olelo, olelo, haiana) ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i loko ʻO Nôm 𡗶 e ka grapheme paʻakikī e loaʻa ana i ka radical Kina waha Ua hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he pene a ChU ʻO Nôm (gie kai or tre kai) i hoʻohana i ka phonetic.²³

    Me kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi, ChU ʻO Nôm o kēia ʻano ua lua i hana ʻia i ka inoa kila a me ka phonetic, ʻelua e lawe ʻia mai nā mana Kina.²⁴ Eia naʻe kekahi o nā huaʻōlelo i ChU ʻO Nôm ka mea nui o nā misionari Katolika a me nā mea i hana ʻia e nā kope kope, e hōʻike ana i kahi makemake e mālama wale i ka phonetic ma o ke pani ʻana i ka inoa.

    Eia kahi hiʻohiʻona e haʻi ʻia ai He ka Nge kaC Chen.

   ʻO ka ʻōlelo: Hōʻike xưa hiki (Aia ma mua a i kēia manawa) i hōʻike i loko o ʻO Nôm 固 初 尼 e na misionari Katolika penei: oiai ka mea i kahaha e ma ke ano he ʻO Nôm penei: 固 汖 今 尼 wahi a He ka Nge kaC Chen a i ʻole ia penei: 有 汖 哰 Wahi a Prof. ʻO NguyEn Quang XK a me Prof. Vũ Văn Kính²⁵.

    Ke maʻalahi nei ChU ʻO Nôm E helu pono ʻia paha e ka pono o nā kope kope o ʻO Nôm mau ʻōlelo e mālama i ka manawa. Wahi a DUong Quheng Hm, ka like paha ka hana like me ka hana ʻana i nā pōpoki Vietnamese i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hōʻike o loko ChU ʻO Nôm.

Ex .: + Morpheme Vietnamese Lam (e hana) ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i loko ʻO Nôm by 爫, mea pōkole i ka ʻano pilikino China 為. 
+ Morpheme Vietnamese malaila (to) is represent in ʻO Nôm by Luo, mea pōkole i ka ʻano pilikino China 羅.²⁶

    I ke no o nni maluna o ChU ʻO Nôm, oia no ChU ʻO Nôm i unuhi ʻia e ka hoʻokahiʻano Kina a me nā ChU ʻO Nôm i unuhi ʻia e ka hui ʻana o kekahi mau huaʻōlelo China, e haʻi ʻia kahi mea kūikawā e like me kēia ChU ʻO Nôm 𠀪 (khE-kā, [o ka leo] e hoʻokō a hoʻōla) a me ka 乓 (khEnh-khheng, e weliweli; e hele mālie e like me kahi mea nui, kau i luna).²⁷ mau ChU ʻO Nôm o kekahi ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia e Prof. ʻO NguyEn Quang XK a me Prof. Vũ Văn Kính ma kahi mele i ChU ʻO Nôm by ʻO Cao Bá Quát, he mea naʻauao mākaukau ma lalo o ka Emepera TU ÐUc. Wahi a nā mea kākau o TU-ʻIEn ChU ʻO Nôm (Koho o na ChU nôm), nā mea ʻelua ChU ʻO Nôm e hōʻole ʻole i kahi loiloi e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻolālā. Manaʻo mākou pilikino inā ua haku ʻia lākou e ka Vietnamese ma luna o ke kumu kumu o ka hana like e like me ka mana o ka Pākē i kēia manawa ping pā or pākaukau pākaukau a i ʻole he mea ia o ka hihia wale nō.²⁸

… Hoʻomau i ka ʻāpana 4…

NĀ MANAʻO:
'  ʻO CHỮ NÔM a i ʻole Hōʻike Manaʻo Vietnamese a me kāna mau ʻāpana i ke kau ʻana ma Vietnamese - Pauku 2.
'  ʻO CHỮ NÔM a i ʻole Hōʻike Manaʻo Vietnamese a me kāna mau ʻāpana i ke kau ʻana ma Vietnamese - Pauku 1.
'  ʻO CHỮ NÔM a i ʻole Hōʻike Manaʻo Vietnamese a me kāna mau ʻāpana i ke kau ʻana ma Vietnamese - Pauku 4.

noka: 
²¹  ʻO Dương Quảng Hàm, op. helu ʻia, pp. 279-279b. - 根 谷 徹, 安南 語 [Tiếng An Nam], 世界 言言 概 說言 卷 卷, 社, 1955. 根 谷 徹, 漢字 ガガ 口 口 ママ [H sang chữ Hán chuyển mele chữ Latin], 百科, 7 ʻAʻole 70, 1968, pp.15, 16, 25. 
²²  Dương Quảng Hàm, ʻaoʻao 103. Nguyễn Ðình Hoà, op. i olelo ʻia, ʻaoʻao 272. 
²³  Dương Quảng Hàm, op. i olelo ai. ʻaoʻao 103. Mineya Toru, ops. i olelo ai. 
²⁴  Wahi a Prof. Hoàng Xuân Hãn, Kuhi ʻo Chữ nôm ma ke kumu phonetic. Ma hope mai, lilo ia i ka manaʻo o ka hui pū ʻana i ʻelua mau mea: he phonetic a me ke ʻano, akā ma mua o kēia pae hope loa, ua hana ʻia nā mea he nui mau hōʻailona i hoʻohui ʻia i ka phonetic, i hōʻike ʻia he ʻano hana like ʻole ka phonetic. i ka manaʻo mai ka morpema Vietnam i hōʻike ʻia e ia ma nôm. 
    Eia kahi palapala ʻokoʻa mai kāna aʻo ʻana e pili ana i ka nôm o Girolamo Maiorica e pili ana i ia mea:La les lesnnnnensens au civé à améliorer le système en diffant la deuxième catégorie de caractères de la première catégorie par lʻaccolement aux caractères "phonétiques" dʻun signe particulier dont le sens nous reste encore mystérieux. Enfin la dernière amélioration consiste à remplacer ce signe par une partie idéographique qui est un caractère chinois ayant le même sens que le mot Vietnamien quʻon veut transcrire ou ayant un sens générique se rapportant à ce mot Vietnamien. Wahi a Voici quelques i nā kiʻina hoʻohālike cette méthode. Le sud se dit Nam 𠄼 en ʻO Vietnamien, mot provant du caractère Chinī qui se prononce nan en Chinia kumunike. ʻO Les Vietnamiens utilisent ce caractère pour transcrire le son et le mot Nam. ^ E Ha yM. A ou ʻllee en Vietnamien des sons voisins de ce dernier, par exemples Nam qui a deux sens: cinq et année. ^ E Ha yM. Les Vietnamiens ont trancrit ce son par le même caractère Chaina qui veut dire South, parfois en lui accolant un signe particulier. Cʻest la méthode purement phonétique. The pour faciliter la lecture and la compréhension du texte, he aloha ʻokoʻa i ka hui ʻana o nā mea hoʻoili ʻānō, soit the caractère Chinois qui veut dire cinq ninini le sens cinq, soit le caractère Chinois qui veut dire année ninini le sens année. " E pili ana i ka hōʻailona koʻikoʻi ma luna, Prof. Hoàng Xuân Hãn ua hoʻohui ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao o ka pahu e pili ana i ka ʻaoʻao, "Jʻai décelé sept de ces signes, dont deux semblent se retrouver dans les caractère de Si-Hia uku ae qui existait au Nord-ouest de la Chine de l'époque des Tʻang jus-quʻà la fin des Mele, ce qui me fait penser que les écritures locales des pays limitrophes de la Chine du temps des Tʻang pourraient avoir une originine komohana dʻordre administratif". 
    Hoàng Xuân Hãn,ʻO Giroloam Maiorica, ses oeuvres en langue Vietnamienne conservées à la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris”. Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu Extractum e vol. XXII, 1953. ʻO ka mōʻaukala Institutum SI Roma, Borgo Santo Spirito, 5 ʻaoʻao 206. 
²⁵  Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, op. ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao 166. Nguyễn Quang Xỹ, Vũ Văn Kính, op. i ʻōlelo ʻia, pp. 165, 508, 859. 
²⁶  Wahi a Prof. Kono Rokuro, i nā palapala ʻaina Vietnamese 爫 ua like me ka pōkole o ka ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo no ka huaʻōlelo Korea 為 {ha "e hana'} I socalled o i Kona Hema. ʻO ka mana chữ Nôm, ua hoʻohui ʻo ia, he ʻano pōkole o ke ʻano i hoʻohana ʻia no ka huaʻōlelo 羅 {malaila "e'}}. Hoʻomaopopo kēia iā mākou i ka hoʻohālikelike like kekahi ma ka Korea o (). Kono Rokuro, op. ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao 101. E ʻike pū i ka Mineya Toru, Annango, ʻaoʻao 860. 
²⁷  Nguyễn Quang Xỹ, Vũ Văn Kính, op. unuhi, Lời Nói đầu ('ōlelo mua) ʻaoʻao viii. 
²⁸  Kanagae Nobumitsu, ヶ 江信光 江信光: 中國 語 語 辭典 - Zhonguo yu cidian [Ừiđn tiếng Trung Quốc], 書 林 林, 四十 七年 七年 [1972], pp.612.

noka:
** Ua hoʻokau ʻia ka inoa o nā ʻāpana, nā kikokiko wiwo ʻole a me nā kiʻi sepia e Ban Tu Thu - ma kahi o ka mea.
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